Additional file 6: of Mindfulness-based stress reduction for people with multiple sclerosis – a feasibility randomised controlled trial

- Adjusted RCT patient report outcome models. Tables S6.1–S6.9. provide detailed statistical data for adjusted analyses (age, sex, SES, previous meditation/yoga experience). (DOCX 41 kb

Additional file 1: of A conceptual model of treatment burden and patient capacity in stroke

(interview schedule 1). (DOC 110 kb

Additional file 3: of A conceptual model of treatment burden and patient capacity in stroke

(participant details). (DOCX 14 kb

Additional file 2: of A conceptual model of treatment burden and patient capacity in stroke

(interview schedule 2). (DOC 122 kb

Additional file 4: of A conceptual model of treatment burden and patient capacity in stroke

(new treatment burdens found from analysis of the interviews, not found in systematic review). (DOCX 16 kb

A qualitative systematic review of studies using the normalization process theory to research implementation processes

Background: There is a well-recognized need for greater use of theory to address research translational gaps. Normalization Process Theory (NPT) provides a set of sociological tools to understand and explain the social processes through which new or modified practices of thinking, enacting, and organizing work are implemented, embedded, and integrated in healthcare and other organizational settings. This review of NPT offers readers the opportunity to observe how, and in what areas, a particular theoretical approach to implementation is being used. In this article we review the literature on NPT in order to understand what interventions NPT is being used to analyze, how NPT is being operationalized, and the reported benefits, if any, of using NPT. Methods: Using a framework analysis approach, we conducted a qualitative systematic review of peer-reviewed literature using NPT. We searched 12 electronic databases and all citations linked to six key NPT development papers. Grey literature/unpublished studies were not sought. Limitations of English language, healthcare setting and year of publication 2006 to June 2012 were set. Results: Twenty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria; in the main, NPT is being applied to qualitatively analyze a diverse range of complex interventions, many beyond its original field of e-health and telehealth. The NPT constructs have high stability across settings and, notwithstanding challenges in applying NPT in terms of managing overlaps between constructs, there is evidence that it is a beneficial heuristic device to explain and guide implementation processes. Conclusions: NPT offers a generalizable framework that can be applied across contexts with opportunities for incremental knowledge gain over time and an explicit framework for analysis, which can explain and potentially shape implementation processes. This is the first review of NPT in use and it generates an impetus for further and extended use of NPT. We recommend that in future NPT research, authors should explicate their rationale for choosing NPT as their theoretical framework and, where possible, involve multiple stakeholders including service users to enable analysis of implementation from a range of perspectives

Additional file 5: of Understanding factors affecting patient and public engagement and recruitment to digital health interventions: a systematic review of qualitative studies

Participant Quotes. (DOCX 25 kb

Evaluating complex interventions and health technologies using normalization process theory: development of a simplified approach and web-enable toolkit

Background: Normalization Process Theory (NPT) can be used to explain implementation processes in health care relating to new technologies and complex interventions. This paper describes the processes by which we developed a simplified version of NPT for use by clinicians, managers, and policy makers, and which could be embedded in a web-enabled toolkit and on-line users manual. Methods: Between 2006 and 2010 we undertook four tasks. (i) We presented NPT to potential and actual users in multiple workshops, seminars, and presentations. (ii) Using what we discovered from these meetings, we decided to create a simplified set of statements and explanations expressing core constructs of the theory (iii) We circulated these statements to a criterion sample of 60 researchers, clinicians and others, using SurveyMonkey to collect qualitative textual data about their criticisms of the statements. (iv) We then reconstructed the statements and explanations to meet users’ criticisms, embedded them in a web-enabled toolkit, and beta tested this ‘in the wild’. Results: On-line data collection was effective: over a four week period 50/60 participants responded using SurveyMonkey (40/60) or direct phone and email contact (10/60). An additional nine responses were received from people who had been sent the SurveyMonkey form by other respondents. Beta testing of the web enabled toolkit produced 13 responses, from 327 visits to http://www.normalizationprocess.org. Qualitative analysis of both sets of responses showed a high level of support for the statements but also showed that some statements poorly expressed their underlying constructs or overlapped with others. These were rewritten to take account of users’ criticisms and then embedded in a web-enabled toolkit. As a result we were able translate the core constructs into a simplified set of statements that could be utilized by non-experts. Conclusion: Normalization Process Theory has been developed through transparent procedures at each stage of its life. The theory has been shown to be sufficiently robust to merit formal testing. This project has provided a user friendly version of NPT that can be embedded in a web-enabled toolkit and used as a heuristic device to think through implementation and integration problems

Additional file 1: of Interactive digital interventions to promote self-management in adults with asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis

Asthma SR. Search strategy for Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE(R) 1946 to Present. (DOCX 17 kb

Additional file 1: of Intervention planning for a digital intervention for self-management of hypertension: a theory-, evidence- and person-based approach

Full methods for work stream 1: collating and analysing evidence. (DOCX 33 kb