Modeling Recreational Amenities in an Urban Setting: Location, Congestion, and Substitution Effects

In this article, we introduce a recreational amenity—a greenbelt park—into a simple urban economic model. For multiple possible park placements, we solve for the associated equilibrium urban structure, including the equilibrium rent gradient, city boundary, total number of park visits, the overall utility level, and total vehicle miles traveled. We examine how these change with alternative park placement sites. We then show how two modifications of the basic model—allowing congestion at the site to affect site quality, and introducing the possibility of a substitute site at the city’s periphery—affect our conclusions about how greenbelt location influences urban structure.urban structure, greenbelt, congestion, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

USING OPTIMAL CONTROL TO CHARACTERIZE THE ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SPATIAL EXTERNALITIES

This study uses optimal control theory to examine the dynamic features of agricultural landscapes characterized by spatial externalites. A stylized system of agricultural production and groundwater flow is used to illustrate how spatial externalities affect land use decisions over time. Policy alternatives are also considered.Environmental Economics and Policy,

URBAN PLANNING AND THE LOCATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AMENITIES

In this paper, we use a simple urban economic model to study how choosing park locations within a city might contribute towards urban planning goals. For multiple possible park placements, we solve for the associated equilibrium urban structure, including the equilibrium rent gradient, city boundary, total number of park visits, the overall utility level, and total vehicle miles traveled. We then examine how these change with alternative park placement sites. We find that, as a prescription for reducing urban sprawl, park provision has mixed results. When placed close to the central business district, the park can result in an increase in inner city housing density; such placement could help ameliorate problems of commuter traffic congestion related to urban sprawl. Parks placed further out toward the periphery, although consistent with improved accessibility and utility maximization, have the opposite effect pulling residents away from the central business district and thereby likely worsening the congestion problem related to commuter traffic.Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy,

A SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF LAND RETIREMENT

Most land management policies, such as land retirement, have multiple objectives. This study uses a cellular automata simulation model to explore how various spatial characteristics of land parcels on a hypothetical landscape contribute to the efficacy of land retirement in the presence of multiple retirement objectives- hydrological improvement, habitat improvement, and cost. Statistical analysis of the simulation results is used to tie particular spatial characteristics back to achievement of the three distinct objectives. In order to combine the three objectives into a measure that allows decision-makers to rank the desirability of different retirement strategies, linear and nonlinear goal programming frameworks are introduced. These frameworks are explored to determine what each implies about the tradeoffs that must be made among objectives and among the spatial land parcel characteristics that contribute to those objectives.Land Economics/Use,

Nutritional support for head-injured patients

Copyright John Wiley & Sons. This review is published as a Cochrane Review in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to comments and criticisms, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews should be consulted for the most recent version of the Review.’ Perel, P. , Yanagawa, T. , Bunn, F. , Roberts, I. , Wentz, R. and Pierro, A. Nutritional support for head-injured patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001530. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001530.pub2Background: Head injury increases the body's metabolic responses, and therefore nutritional demands. Provision of an adequate supply of nutrients is associated with improved outcome. The best route for administering nutrition (parenterally (TPN) or enterally (EN)), and the best timing of administration (for example, early versus late) of nutrients needs to be established. Objectives: To quantify the effect on mortality and morbidity of alternative strategies of providing nutritional support following head injury. Search strategy: Trials were identified by computerised searches of the Cochrane Injuries Group specialised register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, National Research Register, Web of Science and other electronic trials registers. Reference lists of trials and review articles were checked. The searches were last updated in July 2006. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of timing or route of nutritional support following acute traumatic brain injury. Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently abstracted data and assessed trial quality. Information was collected on death, disability, and incidence of infection. If trial quality was unclear, or if there were missing outcome data, trialists were contacted in an attempt to get further information. Main results: A total of 11 trials were included. Seven trials addressed the timing of support (early versus delayed), data on mortality were obtained for all seven trials (284 participants). The relative risk (RR) for death with early nutritional support was 0.67 (95% CI 0.41 to 1.07). Data on disability were available for three trials. The RR for death or disability at the end of follow-up was 0.75 (95% CI 0.50 to 1.11). Seven trials compared parenteral versus enteral nutrition. Because early support often involves parenteral nutrition, three of the trials are also included in the previous analyses. Five trials (207 participants) reported mortality. The RR for mortality at the end of follow-up period was 0.66 (0.41 to 1.07). Two trials provided data on death and disability. The RR was 0.69 (95% Cl 0.40 to 1.19). One trial compared gastric versus jejunal enteral nutrition, there were no deaths and the RR was not estimable. Authors' conclusions: This review suggests that early feeding may be associated with a trend towards better outcomes in terms of survival and disability. Further trials are required. These trials should report not only nutritional outcomes but also the effect on death and disability.Peer reviewe

Enriching the fifth grade unit, The Ohio Valley, by excursions in the city of Louisville.

In January, 1947, the social studies unit, The Ohio Valley (The Middle states), was distributed to all Louisville Elementary Schools to be accessible to the fifth grade teachers. This unit, prepared and written by the Division of Curriculum and Research under Dr. John Dotson, will be described in greater detail in Chapter IV of this study. As a teacher in the Louisville Elementary Schools for the last seven years, with experience in the fifth grade the past five, the writer has felt a need for class excursions to clarify the thinking of the fifth grade pupils and to enrich the curriculum by such first-hand experiences

Alien Registration- Conradson, Frances P. (Lincoln, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/7424/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Lamoreau, Frances P. (Mapleton, Aroostook County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/34029/thumbnail.jp