Factors Affecting Sugar‐Sweetened Beverage Availability in Competitive Venues of US Secondary Schools

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89531/1/j.1746-1561.2011.00666.x.pd

The effects of inulin and galactooligosaccharides on the production of reuterin by Lactobacillus reuteri

The microbiome is a dynamic community that can positively and negatively influence host health. Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic that has received much attention for its ability to inhibit pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium difficile. It does so by its unique ability to metabolize glycerol into the antimicrobial compound 3-HPA, which is commonly referred to as reuterin. The ability to secrete reuterin is dependent not only on glycerol availability but also the concentration of glucose. In fact, there appears to be a “goldilocks” ratio between glucose and glycerol as either too much or too little glucose significantly diminishes reuterin production. Since L. reuteri primarily resides in distal regions of the intestine and colon where most of the glucose has already been absorbed, it seems unlikely that reuterin production would be promoted at the physiological level via this mechanism. Prebiotics are carbohydrates that are indigestible by the host and remain for enzymatic digestion by intestinal probiotics. Inulin and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are two widely studied prebiotics that are known for their ability to promote the growth of a wide range of Lactobacilli, and have been shown to promote L. reuteri growth to varying degrees. Here, we asked if prebiotics such as inulin and GOS promote the production of reuterin in the absence of glucose. L. reuteri were cultured in TSB with or without glycerol in the presence of either glucose, inulin, or GOS, and assessed for their ability to produce reuterin. While inulin did not enhance the production of reuterin, GOS induced reuterin production, although 45% less than that of glucose. Moreover, unlike the dose-dependence observed with glucose, incubation with GOS induced similar reuterin production regardless of concentration. This suggests that an enzymatic equilibrium may exist where glucose/galactose is cleaved from GOS only as needed by L. reuteri. Finally, to confirm the biopotency of reuterin production, we cultured S. Typhimurium with supernatants from L. reuteri that were grown with various carbohydrates. Supernatant dilutions as low as 1:15 were able to significantly retard growth of S. Typhimurium with ratios of 1:1 completely inhibiting growth. Together, these results suggest that prebiotics such as GOS may be able to elicit physiologically relevant production of reuterin, which may shape the flora of the microbiome and reduce incidence and severity of pathological infections. Further, as GOS are particularly abundant in breast milk, it suggests a possible link for early immunoprotection from intestinal pathogens while the infant is still immunologically naïve

LIFE ON THE EDGE: RISK OF PREDATION DRIVES SELECTION OF HABITAT AND SURVIVAL OF NEONATES IN ENDANGERED SIERRA NEVADA BIGHORN SHEEP

Long-term viability of endangered populations requires development of effective management strategies that target the population vital rate with the highest potential to influence population trajectories. When adult survival is high and stable, juvenile recruitment is the vital rate with the greatest potential to improve population trajectories. For my thesis I examined how lactating Sierra Nevada Bighorn sheep (Ovis Canadensis sierra) balance forage and predation risk during the neonatal period. I first identified resource selection strategies employed by lactating females to promote survival of neonates and then determined the primary factors affecting survival of neonates. I found lactating females selected for habitat reduced the risk of predation by mountain lions. Understanding the availability of high quality neonate rearing habitat is an important consideration in restoring bighorn populations. My predictive resource selection function models will assist managers in identifying habitat that is most likely to meet the lambing needs of lactating bighorn females. I also found that despite the efforts of lactating female to protect neonates from risks of predation, predation was the strongest factor contributing to variable survival of neonates across subpopulations. I determined that neonates become less vulnerable as they age, were most vulnerable if they were born before the peak birth pulse (April) and if lactating females selected habitat farther from the safety of escape terrain. My work is the first to examine factors affecting selection of neonatal habitat by lactating females and survival of neonates within Sierra bighorn sheep populations. My results have elucidated potential management strategies that may inform recovery actions

The effects of inulin and galactooligosaccharides on the production of reuterin by Lactobacillus reuteri

The microbiome is a dynamic community that can positively and negatively influence host health. Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic that has received much attention for its ability to inhibit pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium difficile. It does so by its unique ability to metabolize glycerol into the antimicrobial compound 3-HPA, which is commonly referred to as reuterin. The ability to secrete reuterin is dependent not only on glycerol availability but also the concentration of glucose. In fact, there appears to be a “goldilocks” ratio between glucose and glycerol as either too much or too little glucose significantly diminishes reuterin production. Since L. reuteri primarily resides in distal regions of the intestine and colon where most of the glucose has already been absorbed, it seems unlikely that reuterin production would be promoted at the physiological level via this mechanism. Prebiotics are carbohydrates that are indigestible by the host and remain for enzymatic digestion by intestinal probiotics. Inulin and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are two widely studied prebiotics that are known for their ability to promote the growth of a wide range of Lactobacilli, and have been shown to promote L. reuteri growth to varying degrees. Here, we asked if prebiotics such as inulin and GOS promote the production of reuterin in the absence of glucose. L. reuteri were cultured in TSB with or without glycerol in the presence of either glucose, inulin, or GOS, and assessed for their ability to produce reuterin. While inulin did not enhance the production of reuterin, GOS induced reuterin production, although 45% less than that of glucose. Moreover, unlike the dose-dependence observed with glucose, incubation with GOS induced similar reuterin production regardless of concentration. This suggests that an enzymatic equilibrium may exist where glucose/galactose is cleaved from GOS only as needed by L. reuteri. Finally, to confirm the biopotency of reuterin production, we cultured S. Typhimurium with supernatants from L. reuteri that were grown with various carbohydrates. Supernatant dilutions as low as 1:15 were able to significantly retard growth of S. Typhimurium with ratios of 1:1 completely inhibiting growth. Together, these results suggest that prebiotics such as GOS may be able to elicit physiologically relevant production of reuterin, which may shape the flora of the microbiome and reduce incidence and severity of pathological infections. Further, as GOS are particularly abundant in breast milk, it suggests a possible link for early immunoprotection from intestinal pathogens while the infant is still immunologically naïve

The Effects of Inulin and Galactooligosaccharides on the Production of Reuterin by Lactobacillus Reuteri

The microbiome is a dynamic community that can positively and negatively influence host health. Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic that has received much attention for its ability to inhibit pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium difficile. It does so by its unique ability to metabolize glycerol into the antimicrobial compound 3-HPA, which is commonly referred to as reuterin. The ability to secrete reuterin is dependent not only on glycerol availability but also the concentration of glucose. In fact, there appears to be a “goldilocks” ratio between glucose and glycerol as either too much or too little glucose significantly diminishes reuterin production. Since L. reuteri primarily resides in distal regions of the intestine and colon where most of the glucose has already been absorbed, it seems unlikely that reuterin production would be promoted at the physiological level via this mechanism. Prebiotics are carbohydrates that are indigestible by the host and remain for enzymatic digestion by intestinal probiotics. Inulin and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are two widely studied prebiotics that are known for their ability to promote the growth of a wide range of Lactobacilli, and have been shown to promote L. reuteri growth to varying degrees. Here, we asked if prebiotics such as inulin and GOS promote the production of reuterin in the absence of glucose. L. reuteri were cultured in TSB with or without glycerol in the presence of either glucose, inulin, or GOS, and assessed for their ability to produce reuterin. While inulin did not enhance the production of reuterin, GOS induced reuterin production, although 45% less than that of glucose. Moreover, unlike the dose-dependence observed with glucose, incubation with GOS induced similar reuterin production regardless of concentration. This suggests that an enzymatic equilibrium may exist where glucose/galactose is cleaved from GOS only as needed by L. reuteri. Finally, to confirm the biopotency of reuterin production, we cultured S. Typhimurium with supernatants from L. reuteri that were grown with various carbohydrates. Supernatant dilutions as low as 1:15 were able to significantly retard growth of S. Typhimurium with ratios of 1:1 completely inhibiting growth. Together, these results suggest that prebiotics such as GOS may be able to elicit physiologically relevant production of reuterin, which may shape the flora of the microbiome and reduce incidence and severity of pathological infections. Further, as GOS are particularly abundant in breast milk, it suggests a possible link for early immunoprotection from intestinal pathogens while the infant is still immunologically naïve

The Pastoral Evangelism of Charles Grandison Finney As A Model For Contemporary Pastoral Evangelists

The church today needs pastoral evangelists who will lead their congregations in evangelistic activity. Areas “where the gospel has never been heard” desperately need pastoral evangelists to penetrate their mission fields with the salvific message of Christ. If there were no more additions to the world’s population, it would take four thousand years “to evangelize the world through current soul-winning efforts.” Also, pastoral evangelists are needed in the United States. Church growth is not matching population increases. Church membership in the United States increased 28 percent from 1960 to 1990 while the total population increased 39 percent

The Effects of Inulin and Galactooligosaccharides on the Production of Reuterin by Lactobacillus Reuteri

The microbiome is a dynamic community that can positively and negatively influence host health. Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic that has received much attention for its ability to inhibit pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium difficile. It does so by its unique ability to metabolize glycerol into the antimicrobial compound 3-HPA, which is commonly referred to as reuterin. The ability to secrete reuterin is dependent not only on glycerol availability but also the concentration of glucose. In fact, there appears to be a “goldilocks” ratio between glucose and glycerol as either too much or too little glucose significantly diminishes reuterin production. Since L. reuteri primarily resides in distal regions of the intestine and colon where most of the glucose has already been absorbed, it seems unlikely that reuterin production would be promoted at the physiological level via this mechanism. Prebiotics are carbohydrates that are indigestible by the host and remain for enzymatic digestion by intestinal probiotics. Inulin and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are two widely studied prebiotics that are known for their ability to promote the growth of a wide range of Lactobacilli, and have been shown to promote L. reuteri growth to varying degrees. Here, we asked if prebiotics such as inulin and GOS promote the production of reuterin in the absence of glucose. L. reuteri were cultured in TSB with or without glycerol in the presence of glucose, inulin, or GOS and assessed for their ability to produce reuterin. While inulin did not enhance the production of reuterin, GOS induced reuterin production, although 45% less than that of glucose. Moreover, unlike the dosedependence observed with glucose, incubation with GOS induced similar reuterin production regardless of concentration. This suggests that an enzymatic equilibrium may exist where glucose/galactose is cleaved from GOS only as needed by L. reuteri. Finally, to confirm the biopotency of reuterin production, we cultured S. typhimurium with supernatants from L. reuteri that were grown with various carbohydrates. Supernatant dilutions as low as 1:15 were able to significantly retard growth of S. typhimurium with ratios of 1:1 completely inhibiting growth. Together, these results suggest that prebiotics such as GOS may be able to elicit physiologically relevant production of reuterin, which may shape the flora of the microbiome and reduce incidence and severity of pathological infections. Further, as GOS are particularly abundant in breast milk, it suggests a possible link for early immunoprotection from intestinal pathogens while the infant is still immunologically naïve

The Pastoral Evangelism of Charles Grandison Finney As A Model For Contemporary Pastoral Evangelists

The church today needs pastoral evangelists who will lead their congregations in evangelistic activity. Areas “where the gospel has never been heard” desperately need pastoral evangelists to penetrate their mission fields with the salvific message of Christ. If there were no more additions to the world’s population, it would take four thousand years “to evangelize the world through current soul-winning efforts.” Also, pastoral evangelists are needed in the United States. Church growth is not matching population increases. Church membership in the United States increased 28 percent from 1960 to 1990 while the total population increased 39 percent