Omega-3 fatty acids from fish by-products: Innovative extraction and application in food and feed

Omega -3 fatty acids (O3FA) are essential nutrients that play a crucial role in maintaining human and animal health. They are known for their numerous health claims, including cardiovascular benefits, contributing to both the prevention and treatment of immunological, neurological, reproductive, and cardiovascular complications, and supporting overall well-being. Fish, especially oily fish, comprise rich source of O3FA. In the fish industry, significant amounts of by-products and waste are generated during processing which are often discarded or used for lower -value applications. However, there is recognition of the potential value of extracting O3FA from these by-products. Various extraction techniques can be used, but the goal is to efficiently extract and concentrate the O3FA while minimizing the loss of nutritional value. To prevent oxidation and maintain the stability of O3FA, natural antioxidants can be added. Antioxidants like polyphenolic compounds and plant extracts help to protect the O3FA from degradation caused by exposure to oxygen, light, and heat. By stabilizing the O3FA, the shelf life and nutritional value of the extracted product can be extended. In summary, this work presents a forwardlooking strategy for transforming fish by-products into high -quality oils, which hold great potential for application in food and feed.This work was supported by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC): CIMO, UIDB/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/00690/2020) and UIDP/00690/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/00690/2020); and SusTEC, LA/P/0007/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0007/2020) and REQUIMTE (UIDB/50006/2020, DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/50006/2020; and UIDP/50006/2020, DOI: 10.54499/UIDP/50006/2020); CBQF, UIDB/50016/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/ UIDB/50016/2020). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit, with DOI 10.54499/UIDB/04469/2020, and by LABBELS – Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, LA/P/0029/2020.This work was funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program (POCI), within the framework of the Corporate R&D project in Co-promotion HealthyPETFOOD: PetFood Formulations to promote health and quality of life (POCI-01-0247 -FEDER-047073) M.R.G. Maia acknowledges FCT through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transit´oria (SFRH/BPD/70176/2010). Raquel F. S. Gonçalves acknowledge the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for her fellowship (SFRH/BD/140182/2018).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Review: Heads or Tails? Toward a Clear Role of Biochar as a Feed Additive on Ruminant’s Methanogenesis

The use of biochar has been suggested as a promising strategy in bio-waste management and greenhouse gases mitigation. Additionally, its use, as a feed additive, in ruminants has been reported to have contrasting effects on enteric methane production. Hence, this chapter intends to overview the most relevant literature that exploited the use of biochar as a mitigation strategy for methane. This includes the reported effects of biochar on methane production and rumen fermentation observed in in vitro and in vivo assays, as well as manure’s methane emission. The information available about the biochar and the experimental conditions used in the different studies is still limited, which created additional challenges in identifying the biological mechanisms that potentially drive the contrasting results obtained. Nevertheless, it is clear from the current state-of-the-art that biochar may be a key player in the modulation of gut fermentation and in the reduction of greenhouse gases produced by ruminants that need to be consolidated by further research

Para o estudo da evolução do ensino e da formação em administração educacional em Portugal

Estudos sobre a evolução do ensino de disciplinas, na formação de professores em Portugal, são recentes. O controle burocrático centralizado reteve as dimensões do controle político-administrativo. De certo modo, protegeu a esfera educativa das influências modernizantes, do capitalismo industrial e das lógicas mercantis e gerencialistas. Defendeu a educação do domínio político, da intervenção de movimentos sociais, das propagandas de ideais democráticos e da cidadania. A utilização da designação "Administração educacional" ilustra as dificuldades sentidas, ao longo dos últimos anos, em termos da construção acadêmica de uma área, seja pela falta de tradição, seja pelos antecedentes históricos.In Portugal, studies about the evolution of disciplines teaching in the teachers formation are recent. The centralized bureaucratic control has held back the dimensions of politic administrative control. In a certain way, it has protected the education against the new-fashioned influences, manufacturing capitalism, and mercantile and managerial logics. This centralized bureaucratic control has also profected the education against the politic dominion, the intervention of social movements, the advertising of democratic ideals, and against the citizenship. The use of the term "Educational administration" shows the difficulties met by the searchers along the latest years, since there is no tradiction nor historic antecedence

Differential impacts of post-harvest hydrothermal treatments on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of two brown macroalgae (Fucales, Phaeophyceae), Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus, for animal feed applications

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Risk factors associated with the frequency of antibodies against Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle in southern Mozambique

The study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with the frequency of IgG antibodies against Babesia bovis and B. bigemina in cattle in southern Mozambique. Eight hundred and nine serum samples were collected from cattle in three provinces namely Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane, and tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) to assess the humoral immune response towards B. bovis and B. bigemina. The chi-square test at 5% significance was used to determine whether there was an association between gender, age and geographic origin of seropositive animals. The overall prevalence was 78.8% (548/695) for B. bovis and 76.0% (528/695) for B. bigemina. The origin of the animals showed a significant association (p<0.05) with seropositivity to both agents, while gender and age was not associated (p&gt;0.05). Maputo province had the highest rate of positive animals, with 93.7% (118/126) for B. bovis and 97.6% (123/126) for B. bigemina. In Gaza province 77.3% (321/415) of the animals were positive for B. bovis and 67.5% (280/415) for B. bigemina, while in the province of Inhambane the levels of seropositivity were 70.8% (109/154) and 81.2% (125/154) for B. bovis and B. bigemina respectively. In the present study, the frequency of cattle positive for B. bovis and B. bigemina was shown to increase among older age groups, suggesting that infection and re-infection persisted even after the primary infection. Thus, this region is considered to be in a state of enzootic stability with regards to B. bovis and B. bigemina

Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative animal feed source : A comprehensive characterization of nutritional values and the larval gut microbiome

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) reared using local agricultural by-products as an alternative feed for monogastric and ruminant animals. The mealworms were raised on oat-based (OB) and wheat-based (WB) by-products, and their nutritional properties and in vitro digestibility were evaluated, simulating the digestive system of both monogastric and ruminant animals. Furthermore, the gut microbiome of mealworm larvae was studied. Crude fat and most minerals were higher in larvae fed WB than those fed OB (P < 0.05), reflecting the nutritional profiles of the substrates. Larvae and pupae generally shared a common nutritional profile: lower contents of crude fiber, crude protein, and total amino acids, and higher crude fat, total fatty acids, and gross energy levels compared to adults (P < 0.05). Total essential and non-essential amino acid contents in larvae and pupae were similar to those of a commercial soybean meal (SBM). The in vitro dry matter and protein digestibility of larvae and pupae were similar to SBM and significantly higher (30%) than the values for adults for both monogastrics and ruminants. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant gut microbial phyla in larvae, and the gut microbiome revealed remarkable plasticity in response to altered nutritional status, such as starvation. A new insight into the nutrition of mealworm's metamorphic stages fed on agricultural by-products and how feeding modulates the larval gut microbiome provides an innovative approach to exploit mealworms as a sustainable and alternative animal feed source in the future

Comportamento agronómico de um fertilizante orgânico em ensaio de campo com duas culturas sucessivas de nabiça e cevada

O comportamento agronómico de um fertilizante orgânico autorizado em agricultura biológica foi estudado num ensaio de campo em duas estações de crescimento sucessivas em que na primeira (outonoinverno) se cultivou nabiça (Brassica rapa L.) e na segunda (inverno-primavera) se cultivou cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.). O fertilizante orgânico ensaiado tem composição média de 10% humidade, 5% N, 5% P20 5 e 3% K20. Os tratamentos fertilizantes e as doses de N aplicadas correspondentes foram: orgânico, 100 kg N ha·• (OrglOO); orgânico, 50 kg N ha·• (Org50) mineral, 100 kg N ha·• (MiniOO); mineral, 50 kg N ha·• (Min50); mineral fracionado 50 + 50 kg N ha·• (Mf50+50) e testemunha, sem N (T). A experiência foi organizada de forma completamente causalizada tendo cada unidade experimental uma área de 12m2 • O tratamento fertilizante MiniOO originou produção de matéria seca de nabiça e N exportado significativamente superiores às restantes com valores de 858 kg ha·• e 27.3 kg N/ha, respetivamente. O tratamento Orgl 00 e Min50 originaram resultados sem diferenças estatísticas entre si mas superiores ao tratamento OrgSO. A testemunha apresentou resultados estatisticamente inferiores a todos os restantes tratamentos. Os fertilizantes minerais originaram maior eficiência de uso de azoto comparativamente com os fertilizantes orgânicos. Na combinação das duas culturas, o tratamento Mf50+50 originou maior produção, azoto exportado e eficiência de uso do azoto

Produção e azoto recuperado por nabiça e cevada cultivadas em vasos a partir de fertilizantes orgânicos e minerais

O fornecimento de azoto à agricultura biológica pode ser feito através da aplicação de fertilizante orgânicos comerciais. Contudo, estes tendem a ter preços elevados. Assim, é importante obter informação sobre o seu valor agronómico para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. Neste trabalho estudou-se a libertação de azoto e efeito na produção de um fertilizante orgânico autorizado para agricultura biológica por comparação com uma fonte de azoto mineral. A experiência decorreu em vasos de 2 kg de terra e incluiu as culturas de nabiça (Brassica rapa L.) e cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivadas, respetivamente no outono e primavera. Foram incluídos as seguintes modalidades: Fertilizante orgânico nas doses I 000 (FOIOOO), 500 (F0500), 100 (FOIOO) e 50 (F050) kg N ha-1, fertilizante mineral nas doses 1000 (FMlOOO), 500 (FM500), 100 (FMlOO) e 50 (F050) kg N ha-1 , fertilizante mineral fracionado na dose de 50 + 50 kg N ha-1 (FF50) e testemunha, sem fertilizante azotado (T). De cada tratamento foram incluídas quatro repetições (4 vasos). O fertilizante orgânico apresentou a composição média de 10% humidade, 5% N, 5% P20 5 e 3% K20. A modalidade FMIOO originou produção de matéria seca de nabiça (2.2 g/vaso) e N exportado (84.7 mg/vaso) significativamente superior às restantes modalidades, seguida de FF50 (1.87 g/vaso; 52.0 mg/vaso) e FM50 (1.73 g/vaso; 49.7 mg/vaso). A modalidade FO lOO originou matéria seca e azoto exportado (1.10 g/vaso; 27.1 mg/vaso) estatisticamente superiores a F050 (0.77 g/vaso; 15.1 mg/vaso) e nesta superiores a testemunha (0.33 g/vaso; 7.0 g/vaso). A eficiência de uso de azoto (EUN) foi maior nas modalidades FF50 e FM50, seguidas de FMIOO. As modalidades FOIOO e F050 apresentaram EUN bastante inferiores às modalidades de aplicação de azoto mineral. As modalidades FM 1000, FM500 e FOI 000 causaram danos visíveis nas plantas na fase de germinação, eventualmente por toxicidade de NHiNl~ +, N02- ou efeito salino. As modalidades orgânicas tiveram um comportamento mais próximas das minerais no ciclo de crescimento da cevada, eventualmente pelo efeito continuado de libertação de azoto. A modalidade FF50 registou a maior produção combinada das duas culturas e maior eficiência de uso do azoto

Mono and bimetallic NaY catalysts with high performance in nitrate reduction in water

The catalytic reduction of nitrate in water was performed with mono and bimetallic catalysts based on NaY zeolite. Four catalysts, two monometallic (Cu-Y and Pd-Y) and two bimetallic (CuPd-Y and PdCu-Y) were prepared by the ion-exchange method using the faujasite zeolite in the sodium form (NaY, 700. nm). The contents of promoter and noble metals were kept in the range of 0.60-0.84. wt% for copper and 0.92-1.80. wt% for palladium. Characterization by several methods: spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, XRD), chemical analysis, nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and cyclic voltammetric, demonstrated that ion exchange of the metals into NaY zeolite was successful. The catalytic behavior of the catalysts was evaluated in a semi-batch reactor, working at room temperature and pressure. The best catalyst was obtained with the pair copper and palladium (0.64. wt% of Cu and 1.80. wt% of Pd), which allowed 100% nitrate conversion with selectivities to nitrogen as high as 94% under the conditions tested.O.S.G.P. Scares acknowledge FCT for grant SFRH/BPD/97689/2013. The authors thank the FCT and FEDER-COMPETE-QREN-EU for financial support to the Research Centers, CQ/UM, PEst-C/QUI/UI0686/2013 (F-COMP-01-0124-FEDER-037302) and LCM group, UID/EQU/50020/2013. The authors also acknowledge sponsoring in the framework of the following research programs: NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000039 and NORTE-07-0162-FEDER-000050, financed by QREN, ON-2 and FEDER.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio