Income inequalities and risk-perception of crime

The contribution of this paper on risk-perception literature is, first, to focus on the effect of local inequalities in risk-perception. I find that higher inequalities imply an increased subjective risk-perception of physical injuries, burglary and theft. This effect can be explained by the fact that inequalities imply a higher climate of violence; both rich and poor people boost this effect. I use a quadratic term to show that inequalities' effect is not necessarily linear, and has to be cleared of the effect of residential segregation. The second contribution is to add features like density, nightlife intensity, police presence, commune's wealth and victimization rate for each type of crime. Each one of these items can have different effects on perception of risk depending on the type of crime. Last but not least, previous victimization is found to have complex effects on risk-perception, showing that people that have been victimized outside tend to feel safer at home. These results are found using cross-sectional data for Chile in 2011 with more than 22.000 individuals

El Derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva en la nueva ley de arrendamientos urbanos

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A two-level enriched finite element method for a mixed problem

The simplest pair of spaces is made inf-sup stable for the mixed form of the Darcy equation. The key ingredient is to enhance the finite element spaces inside a Petrov-Galerkin framework with functions satisfying element-wise local Darcy problems with right hand sides depending on the residuals over elements and edges. The enriched method is symmetric, locally mass conservative and keeps the degrees of freedom of the original interpolation spaces. First, we assume local enrichments exactly computed and we prove uniqueness and optimal error estimates in natural norms. Then, a low cost two-level finite element method is proposed to effectively obtain enhancing basis functions. The approach lays on a two-scale numerical analysis and shows that well-posedness and optimality is kept, despite the second level numerical approximation. Several numerical experiments validate the theoretical results and compares (favourably in some cases) our results with the classical Raviart-Thomas elemen

New technical and normative challenges for XBRL : multidimensionality in the COREP taxonomy

The New Basel Capital Agreement, known as Basel II, requires some notable changes in the systems of measurement and control of risks of credit entities and investment firms. It introduces new concepts and requirements. The systems of risk management to which the Framework or Agreement makes reference can be implemented in various degrees of sophistication. By measuring the different exposures to risk with greater accuracy, a more advanced system offers such firms and entities the prospect of needing less own funds and using increased financial leverage over secure bases. The national Supervisors, in the various central banks, must approve the systems and instruments established. The new reporting tool that is destined to fulfil this function, for the moment in the context of the European Union only, is the COREP-XBRL Taxonomy. This is based on the mark-up language of the business world, the eXtensible Business Reporting Language, and makes use of the concept of Multidimensionality. This concept is being incorporated into the XBRL specification currently in force, since it is necessary for the structure of the new reporting model that is required.El Nuevo Acuerdo de Capital de Basilea, conocido como Basilea II, requiere algunos cambios notables en el sistema de medida y control de riesgos de entidades de crédito y empresas de inversión. Introduce nuevos conceptos y requisitos. El sistema de gestión de riesgos, al que el marco o acuerdo hace referencia, puede ser implementado en varios niveles de sofisticación. Mediante una mayor precisión en la medida de las diferentes exposiciones al riesgo, un sistema más avanzado ofrece a aquellas empresas y entidades el prospecto de necesitar menos sus propios fondos y usar el aumento de la influencia financiera sobre sus bases seguras. Los supervisores nacionales, en varios bancos centrales, deben aprobar los sistemas e instrumentos establecidos. La nueva herramienta de información que está destinada a cumplir esta función, solo en el contexto de la Unión Europea por ahora, es la Taxonomía COREP-XBRL. Esta está basada en el lenguaje marcado del mundo de los negocios, el Extensible Business Reporting Language (un marco global para intercambiar información en el mundo de los negocios), y hace uso del concepto de carácter multidimensional. Este concepto se está incorporando en la especificación de XBRL actualmente en vigor, debido a que es necesario para la estructura del nuevo modelo de información requerido

La perspectiva cultural de la organización escolar : marco institucional y comportamiento individual

Se habla de una de las perspectivas teóricas en las que actualmente se desenvuelve la organización de la escuela y que presenta a ésta desde el punto de vista de la cultura que en ella se desarrolla, como producto de las interacciones sociales que tienen lugar. Ello constituye un marco institucional preciso y estructurado que condiciona y mediatiza la actuación y los sistemas de pensamiento de las personas que actúan en dicha institución. Bajo estos supuestos, el cambio educativo sólo es posible plantearlo desde el cambio institucional. Se exponen algunas vías de trabajo que estamos desarrollando desde esta perspectiva.Es presenta una de les perspectives teòriques en què actualment es desenvolupa l'organització de l'escola i que la presenta des del punt de vista de la cultura que s'hi desenvolupa com a producte de les interaccions socials que hi tenen lloc. Constitueix un marc social precís i estructurat que condiciona i mediatitza l'actuació i els sistemes de pensament de les persones que actuen en l'esmentada institució. Sota aquests supòsits, el canvi educatiu només és possible plantejar-lo des del canvi institucional. Es presenten algunes vies de treball que desenvolupem des d'aquest perspectiva.It is presented one of the theoretical perspectives in which currently the school management is working. This is explained in terms of the culture that is developed, as product tutional framework that aims the performance and the thought systems of the persons that institutional change. Some work orientations that we are developing from this perspective are presented

Ethnography inquiry and teacher education. The use of diaries for the comprehension of educational practice

We present in this communication a work of inquiry carried our using the diaries of students participating an educational experience in a primary school. Along a semester, a group of 10 students was workomg with a community learning project. These students were engaged with a teacher training experience which is being developed in the Education College at the University of Málaga. In this experience some teacher students attended two subjects of his education as collaborators in this school. His experience was collected systematically in field diaries in which they reflected their everyday experience in the school, as well as his insights, assessments, feelings, etc. These diaries become into the working material to study the school functioning and their experience. For that reason, working meetings were held with teachers of their subjects at the university. Collaboratively, diaries were analyzed, categorized and interpreted in an attempt to understand the school practice, and thus, progress their training process.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Nuevas Identidades en la formación del profesorado. La voz del alumnado

Presento en este trabajo las nuevas identidades que están formándose entre el alumnado del grado de primaria, como consecuencia de los cambios que están teniendo lugar en el ámbito social, cultural, político y económico. Parto de los resultados de la investigación que el grupo ProCie está realizando acerca de la identidad profesional de los estudiantes de primaria, en la Universidad de Málaga. La investigación aborda los relatos de la experiencia escolar de estudiantes de primer año y analiza cuales son las características de esta experiencia. Son cuatro ejes los que se tienen en cuenta: la idealización de la figura del docente, el foco en las tareas y las rutinas, el lugar central que ocupa la evaluación y el énfasis en el orden y la disciplina en el aula. A partir de esta experiencia se aborda lo que denominamos “conocimiento sedimental”. Este vendría a ser el conocimiento acerca de la profesión docente que se va construyendo por parte de los estudiantes en la escuela como consecuencia de su experiencia y que constituirá el sedimento de la conocimiento profesional. Este será parte fundamental en la construcción de su identidad. Por otro lado, se tiene en cuenta la “moral neoliberal” que funciona en las instituciones escolares, actuando de forma importante en la construcción de una nueva identidad, caracterizada por el pensamiento práctica, el activismo y el cortoplacismo. Esto representa un cambio importante respecto a la identidad redentorista propia de tiempos anteriores. Palabras Clave: Identidad, profesión docente, experiencia escolar, conocimiento profesional Abstract: I present in this paper the new identities that are forming among teacher students as a result of the changes that are taking place in the social, cultural, political and economic spheres. I start from research results that Procie group is conducting about the professional identity of teacher students in the University of Malaga. The research studies the stories of the school experience of freshmen and analyses what are the characteristics of this experience. Four axes are taking into account: the idealization of the figure of the teacher, the focus on tasks and routines, the core place of assessment and the emphasis on order and discipline in the classroom. From this experience, I deal what I call " Sedimental knowledge." This would be the knowledge about the teaching profession that is built by students at school because of their experience and it constitutes the sediment of professional knowledge. This will be a fundamental part in the building of their identity. On the other hand, takes into account the "neoliberal moral" working in the schools, being an important brick in the construction of a new identity, characterized by practical thinking, activism and short-termism. This represents a significant change from the Redemptorist identity proper from earlier times. Keywords: Identity, Teaching, School Experience, Professional Knowledge.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Work, Professional Development And Teaching Commitment: Deconstructing Meanings

The paper we present is part of the research project "The professional identity of teacher studies", that we are development for last 3 years. The third phase of this research put the focus on the experience of job placement of novel teachers, graduated no more than 5 years. We work with focal groups and professional experience and teacher education accounts of teachers implied in this research. Also, for any teachers, we do biographical interviews to deepen on processes of construction of professional identity. In this paper we present the Ana Belen History, a female teacher of pre-school education with an experience of 4 years in school, working in a urban school with students in risk of exclusion. This school have a educative project, commitment with the neighbourhood, joint with the community and other social groups. Ana Belen story, from professional perspective, is linked with the social politic and educational commitment of this school. Our interest is focused in the comprehension of professional identity that Ana Belen has gone forging along her personal story and how her education and job placement has contributed for it. Also we are interested in knowing how early professional experiences have influenced in her professional development as teacher. Specifically we ask ourselves about what influence have for her professional identity, that her career starts in this particular school. In consequence, this paper leads us to question the current teacher education model. In particular we are interested on the kind of professional experience that have place and, so, the kinds of commitments that enables. We understand that frameworks in which professional education and experience have place are relevant to enable more or less transformer understandings about teaching. From conceptual perspective this paper adopts a socio-critical point of view (Gergen, 1985; Kincheloe, 2001; Wenger, 1988, etc.). We understand that teaching has to be analysing according work contexts and personal stories of teachers, because we face processes historical and collective building. Teaching is the result of action of their actors, over time, and in specific stage. So, with this research we intend to break with the old gap between pre and in-service education. We think that both of them are part of the same process and are formed according similar logical; although scenes change. We understand that they are part of a continuous process in which is giving sense to different and complex settings where teaching profession is built, but they are not differenced and independent stages. The teacher work, so, is subject to particular conditions, generated from such different fields as institutional, corporative, cultural, social, political, moral, etc. It displays a kaleidoscopic view on space, time, context, ... These are the axis in which the teaching is formed, from the complexity and heterogeneity. How this complexity is articulated results in different ways to face the teacher work, according different personal and professional stories. The teacher acts with subjects in instituted contexts from relationships he has with them, which gives a situated and contingent character. But, these contexts are strongly structured and ruled according centralized and generalized positions; which is, at the very least, paradoxical. Possibly, from our point of view, same of the crisis of teaching have to explain from this paradoxical perspective and the conflict, which characterize this job (Rivas, Leite y Cortés, 2011)Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Experiences from the academic training. Study about the identity of the novice teacher, second part.

We present some progresses of the current research project we are developing called "The professional identity of teacher studies”. It aims to analyse the training received by students in the faculties of education in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, especially in the degrees of pre-school education and primary education. To that effect we enquiry about the influence of the experience as school student in their training and what kind of professional identity they are generating along the formation period and after five years of activity as teachers. We present some results from the second phase of the research project: The analysis of the teacher students experience accounts in the collegeUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Propuesta de gestión presupuestaria en el Supermercado Santiago, en la ciudad de Jinotepe, departamento de Carazo durante el II semestre del año 2016

El presente documento de gestión presupuestaria para el supermercado Santiago ubicada en la ciudad de Jinotepe, está basada en cuatro categorías esenciales los cuales son; fundamentos de presupuestos, las fases preliminares, un diagnostico aplicado a la situación actual y la propuesta de gestión, que dentro de estos se encuentran inmersos aspectos financieros de mercado y comercialización. En las categorías de fundamentos del presupuesto se tomaron en cuenta: los conceptos, importancias y objetivos de la concepción de la gestión presupuestaria, todo esto recopilado a través de diversos autores que contribuyeron en el proceso de elaboración del trabajo final. El diagnóstico se realizó para determinar la situación actual del supermercado Santiago, así mismo la manera en que se pude contribuir con la elaboración de una gestión presupuestaria, en este también inmersos aspectos mercadológicos como lo son los competidores directos (supermercado Pali, Supermercado La Colonia), y los indirectos (distribuidoras). Los aspectos financieros se encuentran dentro de la propuesta de gestión presupuestaria, ya que es aquí en donde se determinan los valores económicos que se generaron durante el periodo del segundo semestre 2016 mediante la realización de las proyecciones