Bosonizations of sl^2\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}_2 and Integrable Hierarchies

We construct embeddings of $\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}_2$ in lattice vertex algebras by composing the Wakimoto realization with the Friedan-Martinec-Shenker bosonization. The Kac-Wakimoto hierarchy then gives rise to two new hierarchies of integrable, non-autonomous, non-linear partial differential equations. A new feature of our construction is that it works for any value of the central element of $\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}_2$; that is, the level becomes a parameter in the equations

Hybrid coordinate formulation used for the design of attitude control systems for flexible spacecraft

Formulation combines certain advantages of discrete and distributed coordinates by using both simultaneously. In report summarizing method, theoretical development is extended as necessary for applications of practical interest. Explicit analyses are presented in sufficient detail to establish utility in flexible space vehicle control system of hybrid coordinate formulation

Are Patent Laws Harmful to Developing Countries? Evidence from China

Has upgrading and enforcing its patent laws slowed China’s economic growth? The answer we draw from detailed analysis of provincial aggregate data covering roughly the period 1990 through 2007 is strongly negative, but understanding the channels through which stricter protection of intellectual property rights has contributed to more rapid productivity growth is elusive. Our best estimate of the direct impact of the 1992 and 2001 patent laws on TFP growth amounts to not quite 15 percent of the average TFP growth rate over the period, but a much larger share of TFP growth is associated with enactment of the laws in a simple interpretation of our empirical investigation. We estimate that virtually none of the laws’ impact on TFP growth can be directly associated with increased quantity of FDI or R&D, although both series are strongly positively correlated with promulgation of the patent laws. We infer that amount of technology transfer through a FDI and the focus of R&D activity, decline of state ownership and increased marketization, growth of the human capital stock, and movement of the labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and service industries are all processes that were encouraged and whose effect has been magnified by stronger IPR protection. Moreover, adopting and enforcing the patent laws probably cannot be treated as an independent event with causation running in only one direction to China’s economic development..Patent law, Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPS, TFP Growth

Returns to Schooling in China Under Planning and Reform

We estimate returns to schooling using a retrospective work history survey covering more than 4,000 workers over the period 1950 to 1994, with particular emphasis to the returns to schooling for workers who attended institutes of higher education and who graduated from college. We find evidence that schooling returns declined throughout the period leading up to the Cultural Revolution (CR), with returns for workers who did not attend college becoming negligible. Returns to those with some college education remained positive, but low compared to other countries. Consistent with other studies, we find that returns to schooling did not recover from their CR low until the 1990s. Increases in the return to schooling during the transition following the CR were not associated directly with workers changing jobs or with taking “new-economy” jobs but appear to have occurred for most workers across all ownership categories. Workers most likely to leave jobs in the traditional ownership sector for jobs in the private or jointventure categories were those who entered the labor force prior to 1967. We do not find evidence supporting other studies’ finding that schooling returns for college graduates increased more than for workers with lower levels of schooling attainment.returns to schooling, skills, China

The acute effects of two different self-myofascial release products on the calf muscle pump and plantar flexion ankle range of motion

textBackground: Massage can promote healing and recovery following exercise. (Carefelli et al. 1992). Barnes (1990) proposed that myofascial release helps to break up fibrotic fascial adhesions that may restrict joint range of motion (ROM). Self-myofascial release (SMR) is a type of massage that uses a roller and an individuals body weight to produce massage like loading over a specific anatomical area. Viscoelastic properties of muscle tissue extensibility increase during an acute bout (15 minutes) of massage-like loading (Haas et al 2012). Self-massage on the calves reduced pain and edema of the calves on nurses after an 8.5-hour work shift (Oh and Yoon 2008). Increasing blood flow through skeletal muscle will lead to increased oxygen delivery, which can increase healing and return to homeostasis post-exercise. Different shapes and densities of SMR rollers may produce different outcomes (Johansson 1962, Curran et al. 2012). Hypothesis: TP Footballer will have a greater effect on popliteal artery blood flow volume and ankle ROM vs. the SPRI® foam roller. Methods: N = 21 subjects (10 male 11 female; 18-27). No current lower extremity injury (within one year). No exercise 48 hours prior to data collection. Exercise was defined as any rigorous physical activity lasting 30 minutes or longer. Subjects rested prone 20 minutes. Resting BF and AD measurements were taken with an 8-13 MHz probe via Sonosite Micromaxx Doppler Ultrasound. Ankle ROM taken with a goniometer (mean of 3x). Statistics: Two-way repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni test was used to compare pre-test and post-test measures across both treatment conditions with two types of rollers. The α level was set at 0.05. Results: No significant increases found using the SPRI® foam roller on variables of BF Volume, TAP and ROM in plantar flexion. Significant increases found with arterial diameter. Significant increases using the TP Therapy Products Footballer® on variables of: ROM in plantar flexion, blood flow volume, arterial diameter Conclusion: SPRI® foam roller and TP Footballer® significantly increased popliteal arterial diameter. The TP Therapy Products Footballer® increased blood flow volume immediately following TP Therapy Soleus Protocol. TP Therapy Products Footballer® increased ankle plantar flexion immediately following TP Therapy Soleus Protocol.Kinesiology and Health Educatio

Returns to Schooling in China Under Planning and Reform

We estimate returns to schooling using a retrospective work history survey covering more than 4,000 workers over the period 1950 to 1994, with particular emphasis to the returns to schooling for workers who attended institutes of higher education and who graduated from college. We find evidence that schooling returns declined throughout the period leading up to the Cultural Revolution (CR), with returns for workers who did not attend college becoming negligible. Returns to those with some college education remained positive, but low compared to other countries. Consistent with other studies, we find that returns to schooling did not recover from their CR low until the 1990s. Increases in the return to schooling during the transition following the CR were not associated directly with workers changing jobs or with taking “new-economy” jobs but appear to have occurred for most workers across all ownership categories. Workers most likely to leave jobs in the traditional ownership sector for jobs in the private or jointventure categories were those who entered the labor force prior to 1967. We do not find evidence supporting other studies’ finding that schooling returns for college graduates increased more than for workers with lower levels of schooling attainment.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40090/3/wp704.pd

Returns to Skills and the Speed of Reforms: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe, China, and Russia

We explore the pace of increase in returns to schooling during the transition from planning to market over time across a number of Central and Eastern European countries, Russia, and China. We use metadata from 33 studies of 10 transition economies covering a period from 1975 through 2002. Our empirical model is an attempt to account for cross-section and over-time variation in rates of return as a function of the timing, speed, and volatility of reform processes as well as estimation methods used and sample characteristics. Our principal aim is to investigate the relative strength of two hypotheses: (1) the speed of economic transformation from planning to market represent the relaxation of legal, regulatory, and institutional constraints on wage-setting behavior, leading directly to adjustment returns to schooling to market rates; 2) the rapid increase in returns to schooling during the early reform period reflects the ability of highly-educated individuals to respond to changing opportunities in a disequilibrium situation. We find that both the speed of reforms and the degree of economic disequilibrium as reflected in macroeconomic volatility help to explain cross-country differences in the time paths of the returns to schooling. We report the systematic effects of sample characteristics, estimation methods, and model specifications on estimated returns to schooling.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40089/3/wp703.pd

Sorting, Selection, and Transformation of the Return to College Education In China

We estimate selection and sorting effects on the evolution of the private return to schooling for college graduates during China’s reform between 1988 and 2002. We pay special attention to the changing role of sorting by ability versus budget-constraint effects as China’s education policy has changed from one in which the bulk of direct costs are paid by government for students who pass a rigid set of test to one in which freedom of choice is increasingly the rule for those who can afford to pay for tuition and living expenses while acquiring higher education. We find evidence of substantial sorting gains under the traditional system but that gains have diminished and even become negative as schooling choices widened and participation has become subject to increasing direct private costs. We take this as evidence consistent with the influence of financial constraints on decisions to attend college.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40142/3/wp756.pd