Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Transcriptional regulation of flotillins by the extracellularly regulated kinases and retinoid X receptor complexes.

Flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 are important regulators of signal transduction pathways such as growth factor signaling. Flotillin expression is increased under pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Despite their importance for signal transduction, very little is known about the transcriptional regulation of flotillins. Here, we analyzed the expression of flotillins at transcriptional level and identified flotillins as downstream targets of the mitogen activated kinases ERK1/2. The promoter activity of flotillins was increased upon growth factor stimulation in a MAPK dependent manner. Overexpression of serum response factor or early growth response gene 1 resulted in increased flotillin mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, both promoter activity and expression of endogenous flotillins were increased upon treatment with retinoic acid or by overexpression of the retinoid X receptor and its binding partners RARα and PPARγ. Our data indicate that the expression of flotillins, which can be detected in all cultured cells, is fine-tuned in response to various external stimuli. This regulation may be critical for the outcome of signaling cascades in which flotillins are known to be involved

Kardiorespiratorische Fitness bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland

Ein guter Fitnesszustand ist ein Indikator für einen positiven Gesundheitszustand. Daher wurde in der „Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland“ (DEGS1) die kardiorespiratorische Fitness im Querschnitt untersucht. Es wurden Daten von 3030 testtauglichen Erwachsenen im Alter von 18 bis 64 Jahren mittels eines submaximalen Fahrradergometertests erhoben. Testtaugliche Teilnehmende sind signifikant jünger, häufiger männlich, weniger häufig adipös und weisen einen besseren Gesundheitszustand auf als testuntaugliche Personen. Die berechnete pulsbezogene Leistung bei 75% der maximalen Herzfrequenz (PWC75%) in Watt pro kg Körpergewicht beträgt bei Männern 1,52 und bei Frauen 1,15. Die PWC75% nimmt pro Altersdekade um 4,2% bei Männern und um 4,8% bei Frauen ab. Bei Frauen ist ein höherer Sozialstatus (SES) mit einer besseren kardiorespiratorischen Fitness assoziiert. Bei Männern ist dagegen kein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem SES und der Fitness nachweisbar. Diese Erkenntnisse können genutzt werden, um zielgruppenspezifische Gesundheitsförderungsprogramme zur Steigerung der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness zu entwickeln. Es ist geplant auf Basis der DEGS1-Daten aktuelle PWC-Normwerte zu erstellen.A high level of fitness is an indicator for a good health state. Therefore, cardiorespiratory fitness was examined in the cross-sectional German Health Interview Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Data from 3,030 test-qualified adults between 18 and 64 years old were assessed by means of a standardized submaximal cycle ergometer test. Test-qualified participants were significantly younger, more often men, less often obese and showed a better health state than those who were not test-qualified. The calculated physical work capacity at 75% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate (PWC75%) in watts per kg bodyweight was among men 1.52 and among women 1.15. PWC75% declines by 4.2% per age decade for men and 4.8% for women. A higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with better fitness among women. No significant association was observed between SES and fitness among men. These findings can be used to develop target-group specific health-promotion interventions in order to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness. It is planned to calculate updated PWC reference values based on the DEGS1 data. An English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink as supplemental

Messung der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness in der Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland (DEGS1)

Ein guter Fitnesszustand ist verbunden mit einem guten Gesundheitszustand und einem geringeren Mortalitätsrisiko. Deshalb wurde in der „Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland“ (DEGS1) die aerobe Fitness mittels submaximaler Fahrradergometrie bei 18- bis 64-jährigen testtauglichen Erwachsenen ermittelt. Die Gesamtstichprobe umfasste 5263 Personen, von denen 3111 nach dem „Physical Activity Readyness-Questionnaire“ als testtauglich eingestuft wurden. 3030 Personen absolvierten einen submaximalen Belastungstest nach WHO-Protokoll (25/25/2). Die Teilnahmequote war 57,2% bezogen auf die Gesamtstichprobe und 97,4% bei den Testtauglichen. Neben der kontinuierlichen Herzfrequenzerfassung wurde vor Testbeginn und am Ende jeder Belastungsstufe Kapillarblut für die Laktatanalyse abgenommen. Der Test endete nach Überschreiten von 85% der altersbasierten maximalen Herzfrequenz. 11,9% der Tests wurden vorzeitig abgebrochen, die durchschnittliche Belastungsdauer betrug 10,8 min, und die angestrebte submaximale Belastung der Testperson in der letzten Belastungsstufe wurde mit einem Wert von 15 auf der 20-Punkte-Borg-Skala im Mittel erreicht. Die bundesweiten Daten können für das Gesundheitsmonitoring, die epidemiologische Forschung und zur Erstellung von Referenzwerten genutzt werden.A state of good fitness is related to a better health state and a lower mortality risk. In the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1), aerobic fitness was measured among adults between 18 and 64 years old using a submaximal cycle ergometry test. The total sample comprised 5,263 persons, amongst those 3,111 were categorized as being test-qualified according to the Physical Activity Readiness–Questionnaire. There were 3,030 persons who absolved a submaximal exercise test according to the exercise protocol of the WHO (25/25/2). The test-participation rate was 57.2% in relation to the total sample and 97.4% among test-qualified persons. Apart from the continuous heart-rate monitoring,capillary blood was taken prior to starting the test and at the end of each workload stage for performing blood lactate analyses. The test ended when 85% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate was exceeded. In all 11.9% of the tests were terminated earlier, the mean exercise duration was 10.8 min, and the anticipated submaximal exertion in the highest workload stage was on average achieved with a mean of 15 on the 20-point RPE scale. The nationwide data can now be used for the national health monitoring system, epidemiological research and for the calculation of reference values. An English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink as supplemental

Number of putative transcription factor binding sites in flotillin promoter regions.

<p>Approximately 1000 bp of each genomic sequence upstream of the ATG start codon were analyzed using the “Common TF” software (Genomatix software suite). Only transcription factor binding sites present in flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 sequences of the 5 species mentioned above are included in the table.</p

Murine flotillin promoters are activated in a similar manner as the human promoters.

<p>Murine flotillin-1 (A, C, E, G) or flotillin-2 (B, D, F, H) promoter constructs were transiently transfected into Hela cells, either alone or in combination with the expression constructs for transcription factors. One day post-transfection, the cells in A–D were stimulated with EGF (10 ng/ml), trans-RA (1 µM), PMA (10 ng/µl), or troglitazone (10 µM) in serum-free medium for 24 h. Cells in E–H were lysed 48 h post-transfection. Values are means ± standard deviation of at least 3 experiments measured in duplicates. ***, p<0.001; **, p<0.01; *, p<0.05 vs. control.</p