8,817 research outputs found
U.S. Earnings Mobility: Comparing Survey-Based and Administrative-Based Estimates
Earnings mobility has been studied both at the macro level (how much of a certain kind of mobility is there in the economy?) and at the micro level (what are the correlates of change in income or position?). Many empirical mobility studies provide estimates of the amount of mobility in a country over time and the correlates of individual mobility within the income distribution. While measurement error is recognized as potentially important at both these levels, very little is known about the degree to which earnings mobility estimates are affected by measurement error. In this paper, we use a new dataset that contains individually-reported total annual labor earnings from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) linked to employer-reported total annual labor earnings from the Social Security Administrationâs Detailed Earnings Record (DER) to compare micro and macro earnings mobility estimates for the U.S. during the 1990s using the two different earnings measures. We ask how much difference it makes to mobility estimates to use administrative-based earnings rather than survey-based earnings, and we obtain two major findings. Qualitatively, we find that the results are similar but not identical when administrative-based earnings are used rather than survey-based earnings. Quantitatively, we find that magnitudes are often very different when administrative-based earnings are used rather than survey-based earnings. The administrative-based results are neither systematically larger nor systematically smaller than the survey-based ones
U.S. Earnings Mobility: Comparing Survey-Based and Administrative-Based Estimates
Earnings mobility has been studied both at the macro level (how much of a certain kind of mobility is there in the economy?) and at the micro level (what are the correlates of change in income or position?). Many empirical mobility studies provide estimates of the amount of mobility in a country over time and the correlates of individual mobility within the income distribution. While measurement error is recognized as potentially important at both these levels, very little is known about the degree to which earnings mobility estimates are affected by measurement error. In this paper, we use a new dataset that contains individually reported total annual labor earnings from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) linked to employer-reported total annual labor earnings from the Social Security Administrationâs Detailed Earnings Record (DER; these are taken directly from Box 1 on theW-2 form and are not capped by FICA) to compare micro and macro earnings mobility estimates for the U.S. during the 1990s using the two different earnings measures. We ask how much difference it makes to mobility estimates to use administrative-based earnings rather than survey-based earnings, and we obtain two major findings. Qualitatively, we find that the results are similar but not identical when administrative-based earnings are used rather than survey-based earnings. Quantitatively, we find that magnitudes are often very different when administrative-based earnings are used rather than survey-based earnings. The administrative-based results are neither systematically larger nor systematically smaller than the survey-based ones.earnings mobility, measurement error, macro mobility, micro mobility.
Bell's Theorem from Moore's Theorem
It is shown that the restrictions of what can be inferred from
classically-recorded observational outcomes that are imposed by the no-cloning
theorem, the Kochen-Specker theorem and Bell's theorem also follow from
restrictions on inferences from observations formulated within classical
automata theory. Similarities between the assumptions underlying classical
automata theory and those underlying universally-unitary quantum theory are
discussed.Comment: 12 pages; to appear in Int. J. General System
Apollo telescope mount: A partial listing of scientific publications and presentations, supplement 3
Compilations of bibliographies from the principal investigator groups of the Skylab solar observatory facility that gathered data from May 28, 1973, to February 8, 1974 are presented. The analysis of these data is presently under way. The publications listed are divided into the following categories: (1) journal publications; (2) journal publications submitted; (3) other publications; (4) presentations-national and international meetings; and (5) other presentations
The theoretical reflectance of X-rays from optical surfaces
The theoretical reflectance of X-rays from various materials and evaporated films is presented. A computer program was written that computes the reflected intensity as a function of the angle of the incident radiation. The quantities necessary to generate the efficiency and their effect on the data are demonstrated. Five materials were chosen for evaluation: (1) fused silica, (2) chromium, (3) beryllium, (4) gold, and (5) a thin layer contaminant. Fused silica is a versatile and common material; chromium has high reflection efficiency at X-ray wavelengths and is in the middle of the atomic number range; beryllium contains a single atomic shell and has a low range atomic number; gold contains multiple atomic shells and has a high atomic number; the contaminant is treated as a thin film in the calculations and results are given as a function of thickness for selected wavelengths. The theoretical results are compared to experimental data at lambda = 8.34 A
Effect of Neutrino Heating on Primordial Nucleosynthesis
We have modified the standard code for primordial nucleosynthesis to include
the effect of the slight heating of neutrinos by annihilations. There
is a small, systematic change in the He yield, , which is insensitive to the value of the baryon-to-photon ratio
for 10^{-10}\la \eta \la 10^{-9}. We also find that the
baryon-to-photon ratio decreases by about 0.5\% less than the canonical factor
of 4/11 because some of the entropy in pairs is transferred to
neutrinos. These results are in accord with recent analytical estimates.Comment: 14 pages/4 Figs (upon request
Validating U.S. Earnings Mobility Measures
Earnings mobility has been studied at both the macro level (the amount of mobility in an economy) and the micro level (the correlates of individualsâ income changes). While measurement error is recognized as potentially important at both these levels, very little is known about the degree to which earnings mobility estimates are affected by measurement error. We compare micro and macro earnings mobility estimates for the U.S. during the 1990s using both survey-based earnings and administrative-based earnings. We find that measurement error in survey-based earnings has little qualitative effect on mobility estimates, but often has a large quantitative effect
Involving users in OPAC interface design: Perspective from a UK study
This is the post-print versoin of the Article. The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2007 SpringerThe purpose of this study was to determine user suggestions for a typical OPAC (Online Public Library Catalogue) applicationâs functionality and features. An experiment was undertaken to find out the type of interactions features that users prefer to have in an OPAC. The study revealed that regardless of usersâ Information Technology (IT) backgrounds, their functionality expectations of OPACs are the same. However, based on usersâ previous experiences with OPACs, their requirements with respect to specific features may change. Users should be involved early in the OPAC development cycle process in order to ensure usable and functional interface
The Revival of Galactic Cosmic Ray Nucleosynthesis?
Because of the roughly linear correlation between Be/H and Fe/H in low
metallicity halo stars, it has been argued that a ``primary'' component in the
nucleosynthesis of Be must be present in addition to the ``secondary''
component from standard Galactic cosmic ray nucleosynthesis. In this paper we
critically re-evaluate the evidence for the primary versus secondary character
of Li, Be, and B evolution, analyzing both in the observations and in Galactic
chemical evolution models. While it appears that [Be/H] versus [Fe/H] has a
logarithmic slope near 1, it is rather the Be-O trend that directly arises from
the physics of spallation production. Using new abundances for oxygen in halo
stars based on UV OH lines, we find that the Be-O slope has a large uncertainty
due to systematic effects, rendering it difficult to distinguish from the data
between the secondary slope of 2 and the primary slope of 1. The possible
difference between the Be-Fe and Be-O slopes is a consequence of the variation
in O/Fe versus Fe: recent data suggests a negative slope rather than zero
(i.e., Fe O) as is often assumed. In addition to a phenomenological
analysis of Be and B evolution, we have also examined the predicted LiBeB, O,
and Fe trends in Galactic chemical evolution models which include outflow.
Based on our results, it is possible that a good fit to the LiBeB evolution
requires only traditional the Galactic cosmic ray spallation, and the (primary)
neutrino-process contribution to B11. We thus suggest that these two processes
might be sufficient to explain Li6, Be, and B evolution in the Galaxy, without
the need for an additional primary source of Be and B.Comment: 25 pages, latex, 8 ps figures, figure 1 correcte
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