Synthesis and in situ Investigation of Inorganic Organic Hybrid Compounds Based on Metalphosponates and Bismuthcarboxylates

Die hier vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von neuen anorganisch-organischen Hybridverbindungen und den in situ Untersuchungen ihrer Kristallisation. Den Hauptteil dieser Arbeit machten dabei die Untersuchung polyfunktionalisierter Metallphosphonate und Bismutcarboxylate aus. Die Kristallisationsprozesse wurden mittels energiedispersiver Röntgenbeugung (EDXRD) untersucht. Die Produktbildung von Cu2(O3P-C2H4-SO3(OH)(H2O)2]*3H2O und [Cu2(O3P-C2H4-SO3(OH)(H2O)] verläuft über das metastabile hydratisierte Intermediat [Cu2(O3P-C2H4-SO3(OH)(H2O)2] *4H2O, während bei der Kristallisation von Ca(O3P-C2H4-NH2) das Intermediat [Ca(OH) (O3P-C2H4-NH3)]*2H2O beobachtet wird. Die Kristallstrukturen beider Intermediate und von Ca(O3P-C2H4-NH2) wurden hierbei aus Röntgenpulverdaten bestimmt. EDXRD Untersuchungen der Bildung von M(HO3P-CH2)2-NHCH2-C6H4-COOH (M = Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+), zeigten verschiedene Reaktionszeiten und Intermediate in Abhängigkeit des Metallions. Die Kristallisation von Sm(O3P-C4H8-SO3)(H2O), Co-CPO-27 und Ni-CPO-27 wurden in situ untersucht und unter Verwendung des Avrami bzw. Gualtieri Modells war es möglich die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Arrhenius-Akti\-vierung\-senergien der Reaktionen sowohl unter mikrowellenunterstützten als auch konventionellen Synthesebedingungen zu bestimmen. Mikrowellenunterstütze Synthesemethoden konnten ebenfalls genutzt werden um die Verbindungen [Ni(m-[(HO3PCH2)2NHCH2]2C6H4)] *H2O, [Cd(p-[(HO3PCH2)2NHCH2]2C6H4)] und [Zn(p-[(HO3PCH2)2NHCH2]2C6H4)H2O] zu synthetisieren und ihre Kristallstrukturen konnten mittels Röntgenpulverbeugung bestimmt bzw. aus kristallographischen Zusammenhängen hergeleitet werden. Unter Verwendung von H3BTB und Bi(NO3)3*5H2O war es möglich das erste hoch poröse Bismutcarboxylat Bi(BTB) (H3BTB=1,3,5-Benzoltrisbenzoesäure) herzustellen, welches eine scheinbare spezifische Oberfläche von 1150 m2/g aufweist. Die Verbindung ist für die Hydroxymethylierung von Furan katalytisch aktiv. Die Kristallstruktur wurde aus einer Kombination von Elektronenbeugungsdaten, Rietveld-Verfeinerung und DFT Rechnungen bestimmt. Ebenso wurde zum ersten Mal die Kristallisation von Bismutcarboxylaten in situ untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Linkermoleküle Pyromellitsäure (H4Pyr), Trimellitsäure (H3Tri) und Trimesinsäure (H3BDC) unter ansonsten ähnlichen Reaktionsbedingungen isolierbare, nicht isolierbare oder gar keine Intermediate bei der Bildung von Bi(HPyr), Bi(Tri)(H2O) und (Bi2(O)(OH)(HBTC)(NO3)) entstehen.This thesis deals with the synthesis and characterization of new inorganic-organic hybrid compounds and the in situ investigations of their crystallization. The main part of this work deals with metalphosphonates and bismuthcarboxylates. The crystallization was investigated by in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD). The product formation of [Cu2(O3P-C2H4-SO3(OH)(H2O)2]*3H2O and [Cu2(O3P-C2H4-SO3(OH)(H2O)] proceeds through the metastable hydrated intermediate [Cu2(O3P-C2H4-SO3(OH)(H2O)2]*4H2O, while in the crystallization of Ca(O3P-C2H4-NH2) the intermediate [Ca(OH)(O3P-C2H4-NH3)]*2H2O is observed. The crystal structure of both intermediates and Ca(O3P-C2H4-NH2) were determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. In situ EDXRD investigations of the formation of M(HO3P-CH2)2NHCH2-C6H4-COOH (M = Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+), Ca(O3P-C2H4-NH2) revealed different reaction times and intermediates depending on the metal ion used. The in situ investigation of the crystallization of Sm(O3P-C4H8-SO3)(H2O), Co-CPO-27 and Ni-CPO-27 allowed the extraction of rate constants and Arrhenius activation energies for the crystallization under microwave-assisted as well as conventional syntheses methods using the model of Avrami and Gualtieri. Microwave-assisted heating was also used to synthetize the compounds [Ni(m-[(HO3PCH2)2NHCH2]2C6H4)] *H2O, [Cd(p-[(HO3PCH2)2NHCH2]2C6H4)] and [Zn(p-[(HO3PCH2)2NH-CH2]2C6H4)H2O]. Their crystal structures were determined from X-ray powder diffraction or derived from crystallographic relations. The use of H3BTB (1,3,5-benzenetrisbenzoicacid) and Bi(NO3)3*5H2O allowed the synthesis of the first highly porous bismuth carboxylate Bi(BTB) with a specific surface area of 1150 m^2/g (BET). The compound is catalytic active in the hydroxymethylation of furan. The crystal structure was determined by a combination of electron diffraction, Rietveld refinement and DFT calculations. In addition in situ EDXRD was employed to investigate the crystallization of bismuth carboxylates for the first time. Depending on the linkermolecule pyromellitic acid (H4Pyr), trimellitic acid (H3Tri) and trimesic acid (H3BDC) under similar reaction intermediates occur that were isolated and fully characterized

Fuel purification, Lewis acid and aerobic oxidation catalysis performed by a microporous Co-BTT (BTT3-=1,3,5-benzenetristetrazolate) framework having coordinatively unsaturated sites

[EN] Two isostructural microporous metal-organic frameworks [Co(DMA)(6)](3)[(Co4Cl)(3-)(BTT)(8)(H2O)(12)](2)center dot 12H2O (BTT3- = 1,3,5-benzenetristetrazolate; DMA N,N'-dimethylacetamide) (1) and [Cd(DMF)(6)](3)[(Cd4Cl)(3)(BTT)(8)(H2O)(12)](2)center dot 14H(2)O center dot 4DMF (DMF = N,N'-dimethylformamide) (2) were synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The structures of both compounds were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Each compound adopts a porous three-dimensional framework consisting of square-planar [M4Cl](7+) (M2+ = Co, 1; Cd, 2) units interconnected by triangular tritopic BTT3- bridging ligands to give an anionic (3,8)-connected "Moravia" net. Phase purity of the compounds was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) and elemental analysis. TGA and temperature-dependent XRPD (TDXRPD) experiments indicate a moderate thermal stability up to 350 and 300 degrees C, respectively. Guest exchange followed by heating led to microporous solids with coordinatively unsaturated metal sites. These unsaturated metal sites create opportunities in adsorptive and catalytic applications. These have been probed by the selective removal of sulfur compounds from fuel feeds as well as the catalytic ring opening of styrene oxide and the oxidation of several cycloalkanes and benzyl compounds.The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, SPP 1362 "Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks" under the grant STO 643/5-2) is gratefully acknowledged for the financial support. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 228862.Biswas, S.; Maes, M.; Amarajothi, D.; Feyand, M.; De Vos, DE.; García Gómez, H.; Stock, N. (2012). Fuel purification, Lewis acid and aerobic oxidation catalysis performed by a microporous Co-BTT (BTT3-=1,3,5-benzenetristetrazolate) framework having coordinatively unsaturated sites. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22(20):10200-10209. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm15592cS1020010209222

Bismuth Tri- and Tetraarylcarboxylates: Crystal Structures, In Situ X-ray Diffraction, Intermediates and Luminescence

A systematic investigation of the systems Bi3+/carboxylic acid/HNO3 for the tri- and tetracarboxylic acids pyromellitic acid (H4Pyr), trimellitic acid (H3Tri) and trimesic acid (H3BTC) acid led to the discovery of five new bismuth carboxylates. Structural characterisation allowed the influence of the linker geometry and the Bi3+:linker molar ratio in the starting solution on the crystal structure to be determined. The crystallisation of three selected compounds was investigated by in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. Three new crystalline intermediates were observed within minutes, and two of them could be isolated by quenching of the reaction mixture. Their crystal structures were determined from laboratory and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and allowed a possible reaction pathway to be established. In depth characterisation of the luminescence properties of the three bismuth pyromellate compounds was carried out. Fluorescence and phosphorescence could be assigned to (mainly) ligand- and metal-based transitions. The polymorphs of Bi(HPyr) exhibit different luminescence properties, although their structures are very similar. Surprisingly, doping of the three host structures with Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions was only successful for one of the polymorphs

Crystallisation kinetics of metal organic frameworks from in situ time-resolved x-ray diffraction

A time-resolved powder diffraction study of the crystallisation of porous metal organic framework materials with the CPO-27 structure ([M2(dhtp)(H2O)2]·8H2O where, dhtp=2,5-dioxoterephthalate) using the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction method is described. Crystallisation under solvothermal conditions is performed between 70 - 110 °C from clear solutions of metal salts (M=Co2+ or Ni2+) and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid in a mixture of THF-water in sealed reaction vessels, using both conventional and microwave heating. Integration of Bragg peak areas with time provides accurate crystallisation curves, which are modelled using the method of Gualtieri to determine rate constants for nucleation and for growth and then, by Arrhenius analysis, activation energies. Crystallisation is determined to be one-dimensional, consistent with the elongated morphology of the crystals produced in these reactions. With conventional heating the Co-containing CPO-27 crystallises more rapidly than the isostructural Ni-containing analogue and analysis of the kinetic parameters would suggest a complex multi-step crystallisation process. The effect of microwave heating is upon activation energies: the values for both nucleation and for crystal growth are lowered compared to reactions using conventional heating

High-throughput microwave-assisted discovery of new metal phosphonates

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the influence of linker geometry, metal ionic radius as well as the nature of the counter ions on the structure formation of metal tetraphosphonates. Two tetraphosphonic acids p- and m-(H2O3PCH2)2N-CH2-C6H4-CH2-N(CH2PO3H2)2, six metal ions (Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) and two different counter ions (Cl− and NO3−) were employed using high throughput methods. Microwave (MW)-assisted heating led to the discovery of ten new metal-phosphonates which crystallize in three different crystal structures. The combination of direct methods and force field calculations allowed us to establish the crystal structures. The counter ion and the ionic radii of the metal ions have a profound influence on the crystallinity and the formed crystal structure. All compounds were characterized in detail by thermogravimetric analyses, IR spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The proton conductivity of two selected compounds is also reported

Copper Phosphonatoethanesulfonates: Temperature Dependent in Situ Energy Dispersive X‑ray Diffraction Study and Influence of the pH on the Crystal Structures

The system Cu²⁺/H₂O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃H/NaOH was investigated using in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) to study the formation and temperature induced phase transformation of previously described copper phosphonosulfonates. Thus, the formation of [Cu₂(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(OH)­(H₂O)]·3H₂O (<b>4</b>) at 90 °C is shown to proceed via a previously unknown intermediate [Cu₂(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(OH)­(H₂O)]·4H₂O (<b>6</b>), which could be structurally characterized from high resolution powder diffraction data. Increase of the reaction temperature to 150 °C led to a rapid phase transformation to [Cu₂(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(OH)­(H₂O)]·H₂O (<b>1</b>), which was also studied by in situ EDXRD. The comparison of the structures of <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>6</b> allowed us to establish a possible reaction mechanism. In addition to the in situ crystallization studies, microwave assisted heating for the synthesis of the copper phosphonosulfonates was employed, which allowed the growth of larger crystals of [NaCu­(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(H₂O)₂] (<b>5</b>) suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction. Through the combination of force field calculations and Rietveld refinement we were able to determine the crystal structure of [Cu_1.5(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)] 2H₂O (<b>3</b>) and thus structurally characterize all compounds known up to now in this well investigated system. With the additional structural data we are now able to describe the influence of the pH on the structure formation

Copper Phosphonatoethanesulfonates: Temperature Dependent in Situ Energy Dispersive X‑ray Diffraction Study and Influence of the pH on the Crystal Structures

The system Cu²⁺/H₂O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃H/NaOH was investigated using in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) to study the formation and temperature induced phase transformation of previously described copper phosphonosulfonates. Thus, the formation of [Cu₂(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(OH)­(H₂O)]·3H₂O (<b>4</b>) at 90 °C is shown to proceed via a previously unknown intermediate [Cu₂(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(OH)­(H₂O)]·4H₂O (<b>6</b>), which could be structurally characterized from high resolution powder diffraction data. Increase of the reaction temperature to 150 °C led to a rapid phase transformation to [Cu₂(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(OH)­(H₂O)]·H₂O (<b>1</b>), which was also studied by in situ EDXRD. The comparison of the structures of <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>6</b> allowed us to establish a possible reaction mechanism. In addition to the in situ crystallization studies, microwave assisted heating for the synthesis of the copper phosphonosulfonates was employed, which allowed the growth of larger crystals of [NaCu­(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)­(H₂O)₂] (<b>5</b>) suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction. Through the combination of force field calculations and Rietveld refinement we were able to determine the crystal structure of [Cu_1.5(O₃P–C₂H₄–SO₃)] 2H₂O (<b>3</b>) and thus structurally characterize all compounds known up to now in this well investigated system. With the additional structural data we are now able to describe the influence of the pH on the structure formation

Unprecedented Topological Complexity in a Metal–Organic Framework Constructed from Simple Building Units

A bismuth-based metal–organic framework (MOF), [Bi­(BTC)­(H₂O)]·2H₂O·MeOH denoted CAU-17, was synthesized and found to have an exceptionally complicated structure with helical Bi–O rods cross-linked by 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (BTC^3–) ligands. Five crystallographically independent 1D channels including two hexagonal channels, two rectangular channels, and one triangular channel have accessible diameters of 9.6, 9.6, 3.6, 3.6, and 3.4 Å, respectively. The structure is further complicated by twinning. Rod-incorporated MOF structures typically have underlying nets with only one unique node and three or four unique edges. In contrast, topological analysis of CAU-17 revealed unprecedented complexity for a MOF structure with 54 unique nodes and 135 edges. The complexity originates from the rod packing and the rods themselves, which are related to aperiodic helices