Del gènere de la psicologia social a la psicologia social de gènere: un segle d trobades i desavinences

En aquest treball es revisa la denominada «psicologia social de gènere» en tres sentits. Així, en primer lloc, s'hi presenta un breu repàs de les contribucions de les psicòlogues a la construcció d'aquest àmbit del coneixement a fi de fer visibles unes aportacions no sempre gaire conegudes. En segon lloc, es duu a terme una breu anàlisi del pas del que s'ha denominat la psicologia tradicional cap a la denominada nova psicologia del gènere. I, finalment, s'hi aborda l'anàlisi de l'estat de la qüestió al nostre país, la qual cosa proporciona l'oportunitat de reflexionar sobre el futur a què ens enfrontem actualment.In this paper we review the so-called «gender social psychology» in three different ways. So, first, we make a brief survey of women' contributions to the construction of this area of knowledge in order to make visible some works that are not always known. Secondly, we make a brief analysis of the transition from traditional psychology toward a new (social) psychology of gender. And finally, we present the analysis of the state of the question in our country which provides the opportunity to think about the future that we face today

El acoso sexual en el ámbito universitario : estudio comparativo de la percepción diferencial entre alumnos y alumnas

El principal objetivo de esta ponencia es clarificar qué comportamientos serían susceptibles de ser considerados “acoso sexual” y analizar su incidencia en el ámbito universitario centrándose en el colectivo del alumnado de la Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB). Se trata de un análisis cuantitativo que forma parte de un trabajo de investigación más amplio sobre el acoso sexual en el ámbito universitario que incluye a los tres colectivos de la comunidad universitaria, es decir también al personal docente e investigador (PDI) y al personal de administración y servicios (PAS). Los datos recogidos (N = 1521) permiten una comparación de la percepción de alumnos y alumnas en cuanto a definición e incidencia del acoso sexual. Aunque en general las mujeres y los hombres muestran más acuerdos que desacuerdos en lo que es y en lo que no es acoso sexual, el estudio confirma la tendencia observada en otras investigaciones que las mujeres manejen una definición bastante más amplia de lo que constituye acoso sexual que los hombres. En las conclusiones se señala la necesidad de la implementación de medidas y específicamente de un plan de igualdad que incluya actuaciones para prevenir y erradicar el acoso sexual en el ámbito educativo

¿Cuáles son las señales de alarma más representativas de la violencia de pareja contra las adolescentes?

Identifying which warning signs (WS) of intimate partner violence against girls (IPV) must be included in prevention programs is essential, since there is not an explicit consensus. Our first aim was identifying the most frequent WS included in the reviewed Spanish prevention guides by means of a content analysis performed independently by three judges.  Our second aim was subjecting these to a sample of adolescents (n=60) to know: (1) if they identify them as abusive behaviours; (2) how frequently do they consider they have to occur to be WS, and; (3) how frequently they observe them in their peer environment. Among the 23 identified WS, controlling (n=11) and devaluating behaviours (n=6) are the most frequent in the reviewed literature and the formers´ the most observed in the adolescents’ environment (rank: 52.5% - 90%).  The majority labelled the 23 behaviours as abusive.  Four controlling and 3 devaluating behaviours had to occur very often to be an IPV warning sign. Therefore their tolerance to these WS is high.  The outcomes are valuable for the development of prevention programs and suggest the need of investigating on the explanatory factors of such tolerance.Identificar qué señales de alarma de violencia de género (VG) en la adolescencia deben incluirse en los programas de prevención es esencial.  Al no existir un acuerdo explícito al respecto, nuestro primer objetivo fue identificar qué señales son más frecuentes en las guías de prevención españolas revisadas, mediante un análisis de contenido realizado independientemente por 3 juezas.  Nuestro segundo objetivo fue valorar una muestra de adolescentes (n= 60) para conocer: (1) si las identifican como conductas violentas; (2) con qué frecuencia consideran que deben ocurrir para ser señales de alarma, y (3) con qué frecuencia las observan en su entorno de iguales.  Entre las 23 señales identificadas, las conductas de control (n = 11) y desvalorización (n = 6) son las más frecuentes en la literatura revisada y prevalentes en los grupos de iguales (52.5% - 90%).  La mayoría identificó las 23 conductas como violentas. Cuatro conductas de control y 3 de desvalorización tienen que darse a menudo para ser consideradas señales de alarma de VG.  Por tanto, su tolerancia a las mismas es elevada. Estos resultados son útiles para la elaboración de programas de prevención y sugieren la necesidad de investigar sobre los factores explicativos de dicha tolerancia

Water resource recovery by means of microalgae cultivation in outdoor photobioreactors using the effluent from an anaerobic membrane bioreactor fed with pre-treated sewage

[EN] With the aim of assessing the potential of microalgae cultivation for water resource recovery (WRR), the performance of three 0.55 m3 flat-plate photobioreactors (PBRs) was evaluated in terms of nutrient removal rate (NRR) and biomass production. The PBRs were operated outdoor (at ambient temperature and light intensity) using as growth media the nutrient-rich effluent from an AnMBR fed with pre-treated sewage. Solar irradiance was the most determining factor affecting NRR. Biomass productivity was significantly affected by temperatures below 20 °C. The maximum biomass productivity (52.3 mg VSS·L−1·d−1) and NRR (5.84 mg NH4-N·L−1·d−1 and 0.85 mg PO4-P·L−1·d−1) were achieved at solar irradiance of 395 μE·m−2·s−1, temperature of 25.5 °C, and HRT of 8 days. Under these conditions, it was possible to comply with effluent nutrient standards (European Directive 91/271/CEE) when the nutrient content in the influent was in the range of 40 50 mg N·L−1 and 6 7 mg P·L−1.This research work was possible thanks to project CTM2011-28595-C02-01/02 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness jointly with the European Regional Development Fund and Generalitat Valenciana (GVA-ACOMP2013/203). This research was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation via a pre-doctoral FPU fellowship to the second author (AP2010-3708).Viruela Navarro, A.; Murgui Mezquita, M.; Gómez Gil, TA.; Durán Pinzón, F.; Robles Martínez, Á.; Ruano García, MV.; Ferrer Polo, J.... (2016). Water resource recovery by means of microalgae cultivation in outdoor photobioreactors using the effluent from an anaerobic membrane bioreactor fed with pre-treated sewage. Bioresource Technology. 218:447-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.116S44745421

Epigenetic profiling linked to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): A multicenter, retrospective study

Background Most children and adolescents infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain asymptomatic or develop a mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that usually does not require medical intervention. However, a small proportion of pediatric patients develop a severe clinical condition, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). The involvement of epigenetics in the control of the immune response and viral activity prompted us to carry out an epigenomic study to uncover target loci regulated by DNA methylation that could be altered upon the appearance of MIS-C. Methods Peripheral blood samples were recruited from 43 confirmed MIS-C patients. 69 non-COVID-19 pediatric samples and 15 COVID-19 pediatric samples without MIS-C were used as controls. The cases in the two groups were mixed and divided into discovery (MIS-C= 29 and non-MIS-C= 56) and validation (MIS-C= 14 and non-MIS C = 28) cohorts, and balanced for age, gender and ethnic background. We interrogated 850,000 CpG sites of the human genome for DNA methylation variants. Findings The DNA methylation content of 33 CpG loci was linked with the presence of MIS-C. Of these sites, 18 (54.5%) were located in described genes. The top candidate gene was the immune T-cell mediator ZEB2; and others highly ranked candidates included the regulator of natural killer cell functional competence SH2D1B; VWA8, which contains a domain of the Von Willebrand factor A involved in the pediatric hemostasis disease; and human leukocyte antigen complex member HLA-DRB1; in addition to pro-inflammatory genes such as CUL2 and AIM2. The identified loci were used to construct a DNA methylation profile (EPIMISC) that was associated with MIS-C in both cohorts. The EPIMISC signature was also overrepresented in Kawasaki disease patients, a childhood pathology with a possible viral trigger, that shares many of the clinical features of MIS-C. Interpretation We have characterized DNA methylation loci that are associated with MIS-C diagnosis. The identified genes are likely contributors to the characteristic exaggerated host inflammatory response observed in these patients. The described epigenetic signature could also provide new targets for more specific therapies for the disorder.Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Las creencias y actitudes sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja

La violencia contra las mujeres, en general y en la pareja en particular, es actualmente reconocida por los principales organismos internacionales como un grave problema social y de salud. En este marco, desde diferentes disciplinas se vienen abordando aquellas cuestiones que pueden contribuir a la comprensión de este problema con objeto de lograr su prevención y, en último término, su erradicación. Concretamente, este trabajo analiza las creencias y actitudes sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja desde una doble perspectiva. En primer término, desde una perspectiva social, se analiza la percepción social de este problema en nuestro entorno y sus posibles repercusiones. En segundo lugar, desde una perspectiva individual, se analiza el efecto de una relación de maltrato sobre las creencias y actitudes de quienes lo padecen y su posible papel explicativo para la permanencia en ella; y también el papel de las creencias y actitudes del agresor como un posible factor causal en la ocurrencia de esta violencia.Violence against women in general and particularly in the couple is now recognized by leading international organizations as a serious social and health problem. In this context, from different disciplines are being addressed those issues that can contribute to the understanding of this problem in order to ensure its prevention and ultimately eradication. Specifically, this paper examines the beliefs and attitudes about violence against women in the couple from two perspectives. Firstly, from a social perspective, it examines the social perception of this problem in our social environment and its possible impact. Secondly, from an individual perspective, it examines the effect of an abusive relationship about the beliefs and attitudes of its sufferers and their possible explanatory role to stay in it, and also the role of beliefs and attitudes of the perpetrator as a possible causal factor in the occurrence of this violence

Duelo complicado por suicidio del maltratador

La violencia de género supone una grave problemática social, habiendo sido considerada recientemente por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como una epidemia de carácter mundial, afectando hasta un tercio de mujeres en el mundo. Se presenta un caso clínico donde se inicia tratamiento psicológico para una mujer que informa de estar padeciendo esta situación. El maltratador había ejercido violencia física y psicológica sobre la víctima, mostrando conductas añadidas de tipo errático e impulsivo además de numerosos intentos de autolisis a lo largo de los treinta y cuatro años de relación. Finalmente, el acto de suicidio consumado sucede una vez iniciado el tratamiento, lo que precipita nuevos síntomas psicopatológicos e incrementando el nivel de distress.  Dicha situación, obligó a reordenar los objetivos de tratamiento y tratar de manera prioritaria la sintomatología más interferente. Como tratamiento se realizó una terapia de tipo cognitivo conductual orientada a trabajar previamente el duelo y, de manera secundaria, las secuelas padecidas por la relación de malos tratos. Por último, se plantean las peculiaridades que puede suponer tratar este tipo de pérdida vital respecto a otras

Bibliometric analysis of interventions with batterers in Spain

This study analyse the evolution and characteristics of scientific production on intervention programmes with gender violence perpetrators performed in Spain. The standard bibliometric indicators were applied to 148 studies identified. The greatest productivity is focused between 2008 and 2010 and the largest number of records corresponds to articles in specialised scientific journals. As far as authorship is concerned, an analysis of the number of studies per person indicates that the results obtained are only initially consistent with Lotka’s Law, that is, there are a majority of not very productive authors and a minority who publish frequently, but the data do not fit this law. An analysis of collaboration between authors enables us to determine the existence of one “Social Circle” or “Invisible College”, at least. Most of the records analysed focus on the description of one or several intervention programmes with men who abuse their partner. Results show that there are progressively more evidence based studies on batterers and their treatment.Este estudio analiza la evolución y características de la producción científica en programas de intervención con maltratadores en casos de violencia de género en España. Se aplicaron indicadores bibliométricos estándar a los 148 estudios identificados. La producción más importante se dio entre 2008 y 210 y el mayor número de registros corresponde a artículos en revistas científicas especializadas. En cuanto a la autoría, los resultados obtenidos al analizar el número de estudios por persona son, sólo principio, consistentes con la Ley de Lotka, esto es, hay una mayoría de autores no muy productivos y una minoría que publican frecuentemente pero los datos no se ajustan a esta ley. Analizar la colaboración entre autores permitió delimitar la existencia de, al menos, un “círculo social” o “colegio invisible”. La mayoría de registros se centran en describir uno o más programas de intervención con hombres que abusan de sus parejas. Los resultados muestran que hay progresivamente más estudios basados en la evidencia sobre maltratadores y su tratamiento