Colonization of fire-damaged trees by Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) as related to the percentage of burnt crown

The aim of this study is to determine how bark beetles colonise after a wild fire. Five categories of trees were established according to the percentage of burnt crown (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) in a Pinus pinaster forest in León province that had been burnt by awild fire in 1998. During 2000 and 2001 a study was carried out on the percentage of trees attacked in each category, the distribution of attacks on the tree trunk, crown decoloration, number of maternal galleries bored and the number of trees resisting attack. Only 20% of the trees (all of them with 0% unburnt crown) survived the attack. This study shows the capacity of Ips sexdentatus as a primary pest and recommends the removal of dead and dying trees after a wild fire before its population grows large enough to kill the remaining healthy ones

The use of mycoviruses in the control of forest diseases

Producción CientíficaFifteen families of mycoviruses have been described and 80% of these catalogued. However, their evolutionary relationship with fungi is not clear. The mycovirus genome can be formed by single- or double-stranded RNA or single-stranded DNA. The effects of mycoviruses range from the induction of a cryptic state (asymptomatic) to promotion of hyper- or hypovirulence in the host. Horizontal transmission of mycoviruses is determined by the presence of different vegetative compatibility types and mating types. Biocontrol of chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) has been found to be a successful mycovirus-based treatment and is considered a model in forest disease management. Development of this type of biological control tool for use in other forest pathologies requires a sound knowledge of viral symptomatology and transmission. The present review focuses on the application of mycoviruses and the prospects for future use in the biological control of forest diseases as well as on advances in mycovirus-applied research in forestry, landscape and culture of woody plants.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project AGL2012-39912

Valores y creencias en el proceso de modernización

El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el cambio de valores habido en la población andaluza en los últimos diez años y determinar, a partir de ahí, su grado de modernización. Para ello, se han seguido dos criterios conjuntamente: uno comparativo y otro teórico. El primero, una comparación de los datos de Andalucía con los de Cataluña. Por su parte, el criterio teórico se basa en la teoría de la modernización desarrollada por Inglehart y Welzel (2006). Los resultados del trabajo confirman la hipótesis de partida: la distancia entre ambas comunidades aumenta con el cambio de valores ocurrido en los últimos años, tanto en la proporción de materialistas como en la de post-materialistas. Otra cuestión importante es el reciente repunte en Andalucía de valores materialistas o asociados a la seguridad económica y personalThis article explores continuity and change of values in the Andalusian population during the last ten years, thus attempting to explain the degree of modernization in this region. To achieve this aim, two methods have been followed: one comparative and another one theoretical. A comparison of data in Andalusia and in Cataluña is underscored by the work on modernisation by Inglehart and Welzel (2006). The results of this study affirm the initial hypothesis: detachment in relation to materialism and post-materialism in both communities increased over the last ten years. It is important too the recent growth in Andalusia of materialistic values or values associated to the economic and personal securit

Los comienzos de la electricidad en Andalucía : el ejemplo de Antequera (1892-1912)

Este trabajo analiza los inicios de la electricidad en Antequera, en el periodo 1892-1912, un ejemplo representativo de lo que ocurrió en las ciudades andaluzas de pequeño y mediano tamaño. El artículo se divide en cuatro apartados. La introducción señala los objetivos de la investigación. El segundo apartado trata la difusión de la electricidad en Andalucía y España. El tercero analiza la llegada de la electricidad a Antequera, en 1892, de la mano de dos sociedades privadas: “Azucarera Antequerana” y “José Bellido y Compañía”, la primera de ellas para autoconsumo, la segunda para alumbrado público. El cuarto comprende los primeros años del novecientos, marcados por los avances experimentados por la tecnología eléctrica en los años interseculares, que permitieron la creación de nuevas empresas, capaces de superar el ámbito municipal.This work sets out to analyse the beginnings of electricity in Antequera during the period 1892-1912, an example which is representative of what occurred and medium-sized cities in Andalucía. The article is divided into four sections: the introduction outlines the aims of the investigation; the second section concerns the spread of electricity in Andalucía; the third analyses the introduction of electricity in Antequera, in 1892, by two private enterprises: “Azucarera Antequerana” and “José Bellido y Compañía”, the first of the two for private consumption, and the second for public lighting; the fourth section covers the early nineteen-hundreds, marked by the advances undergone by the electricity technology during the preceeding years, which allowed the creation of new business capable of extending beyond municipal bounderies

El consumo bruto de energía primaria en Andalucía (1870-1930)

Este trabajo estudia el consumo bruto de energía primaria en Andalucía en el contexto español, para el periodo 1870-1930, incluyendo las energías tradicionales (fuerza humana y animal, hidráulica y leña) y las modernas (carbón mineral, hidroelectricidad y petróleo). El artículo se divide en cinco apartados. La introducción señala los objetivos del trabajo. El segundo apartado explica las fuentes y los métodos utilizados para calcular el consumo bruto de energía primaria andaluz y español. El tercero analiza la dotación energética de Andalucía. El cuarto presenta una estimación sobre el consumo bruto de energía andaluz y español en los años 1870, 1900 y 1930. Por último, las conclusiones destacan el moderado crecimiento del consumo energético en Andalucía y el predominio de las energías tradicionales.This article studies the net consumption of primary energy in Andalusia within the context of Spain, for the period 1870-1930, including traditional forms of energy (energy produced physically by people and animals plus energy produced by water and by firewood) and modern forms of energy (coal, hydro-electricity and oil). The text is divided into five sections. The introduction, which outlines the goals of the article. The second section explains the sources and methods used to calculate the net consumption of primary energy in Andalusia and Spain. The third section analyses the energy resources of Andalusia. The fourth presents an estimate of the net consumption of primary energy in Andalusia and Spain in the years 1870, 1900 y 1930. Finally, the conclusions, which highlight a moderate growth in energy consumption in Andalusia and the predominance of traditional forms of energy

La Casa Carreira : un ejemplo de la pequeña empresa de electricidad en Andalucía (1903-1935)

Este artículo analiza la génesis y el desarrollo del negocio eléctrico de la familia Carreira, desde su fundación en 1903 hasta 1935. Esta empresa desplegó esta actividad en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba y norte de Málaga. El trabajo se estructura en cuatro apartados. El introductorio establece los objetivos de la investigación. El segundo apartado analiza los distintos negocios que constituían la Casa Carreira, destacando su capacidad de adaptación a las posibilidades que ofrecía la economía andaluza en cada momento. El tercero estudia la evolución del negocio eléctrico, incidiendo en dos aspectos: 1º. la oferta, es decir, los niveles de producción de fluido; y 2º. la dimensión y la composición de la demanda. La investigación termina señalando los obstáculos que impidieron la expansión de esta actividad.This article analyses the genesis and the development of Carreira family’s electricity business, from his founding in 1903 to 1935. This company started the activity in the south of the province of Córdoba and the north of Málaga. This project is divided into four sections. The introduction establishes the aims of the research. The second section analyses different business that made up “la Casa Carreira”, and underlines the capacity for adapt to the possibilities of Andalusian economy in every moment. The third section studies the evolution of the electricity business, emphasizing in two aspects: 1º supply, in other words, the production of the fluid; and 2º dimension and composition of the demand. The research finishes pointing out the obstacles that impeded the expansion of this activity

A machine learning approach with verification of predictions and assisted supervision for a rule-based network intrusion detection system

Network security is a branch of network management in which network intrusion detection systems provide attack detection features by monitorization of traffic data. Rule-based misuse detection systems use a set of rules or signatures to detect attacks that exploit a particular vulnerability. These rules have to be handcoded by experts to properly identify vulnerabilities, which results in misuse detection systems having limited extensibility. This paper proposes a machine learning layer on top of a rule-based misuse detection system that provides automatic generation of detection rules, prediction verification and assisted classification of new data. Our system offers an overall good performance, while adding an heuristic and adaptive approach to existing rule-based misuse detection systems

Ressenyes

Index de les obres ressenyades: Félix REQUENA SANTOS, Redes sociales y sociedad civil. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 2008