Interplay Between the Unfolded Protein Response and Immune Function in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Emerging evidence suggests that the immune and nervous systems are in close interaction in health and disease conditions. Protein aggregation and proteostasis dysfunction at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are central contributors to neurodegenerative diseases. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the main transduction pathway that maintains protein homeostasis under conditions of protein misfolding and aggregation. Brain inflammation often coexists with the degenerative process in different brain diseases. Interestingly, besides its well-described role in neuronal fitness, the UPR has also emerged as a key regulator of ontogeny and function of several immune cell types. Nevertheless, the contribution of the UPR to brain inflammation initiated by immune cells remains largely unexplored. In this review, we provide a perspective on the potential role of ER stress signaling in brain-associated immune cells and the possible implications to neuroinflammation and development of neurodegenerative diseases

Endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis impairment in aging

Summary Perturbed neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature shared by both aging and protein misfolding disorders. The proteostasis network controls the health of the proteome by integrating pathways involved in protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, secretion, and their degradation. A reduction in the buffering capacity of the proteostasis network during aging may increase the risk to undergo neurodegeneration by enhancing the accumulation of misfolded proteins. As almost one‐third of the proteome is synthetized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), maintenance of its proper function is fundamental to sustain neuronal function. In fact, ER stress is a common feature of most neurodegenerative diseases. The unfolded protein response (UPR) operates as central player to maintain ER homeostasis or the induction of cell death of chronically damaged cells. Here, we discuss recent evidence placing ER stress as a driver of brain aging, and the emerging impact of neuronal UPR in controlling global proteostasis at the whole organismal level. Finally, we discuss possible therapeutic interventions to improve proteostasis and prevent pathological brain aging

REMOÇÃO CIRÚRGICA DE DENTE SUPRANUMERÁRIO ASSOCIADO A TRATAMENTO ORTODÔNTICO EM PACIENTE PEDIÁTRICO

Among dental anomalies, the presence of supernumerary teeth (SG) is one of the most prevalent alterations in the human dental arch, whose etiology has not been fully defined. Dental surgeons need to know the processes of tooth development and positioning, as well as the chronology of eruption in order to be able to properly diagnose and treat such anomaly, in addition to being able to manage the possible complications associated with its presence in the maxillo-mandibular complex. The preferred treatment of DS is surgical removal and orthodontic treatment may be necessary to correct disorders associated with this condition. The aim of this paper is to report the case of an 11-year-old male patient with a DS in the upper arch between teeth 12 and 11, compromising the eruption of tooth 13. For therapeutic planning purposes, imaging examinations were performed. The DS was extracted without complications and, after two and a half months of orthodontic treatment, the movement of tooth 12 was successful, maintaining the eruption space of tooth 13. In this case, the surgical removal of the DS associated with orthodontic treatment will prevent aesthetic and functional damage to the patient, giving him an excellent prognosis in improving his oral health.Dentre as anomalias dentárias, a presença de dentes supranumerários (DS) é uma das alterações mais prevalentes na arcada dentária humana, cuja etiologia não foi totalmente definida. Os Cirurgiões-Dentistas necessitam conhecer os processos de desenvolvimento e posicionamento dentário, assim como a cronologia de erupção para que sejam possíveis os adequados diagnóstico e tratamento de tal anomalia, além de ser capaz de manejar as possíveis complicações associadas à sua presença no complexo maxilo-mandibular. O tratamento preferencial dos DS é a remoção cirúrgica e o tratamento ortodôntico pode ser necessário para corrigir transtornos associados a esta condição. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 11 anos de idade, apresentando DS no arco superior, entre os dentes 12 e 11, comprometendo a erupção do dente 13. Para fins de planejamento terapêutico, foram realizados exames de imagem. A exodontia do DS foi realizada, sem intercorrências, e, após dois meses e meio de tratamento ortodôntico, houve sucesso na movimentação do dente 12, com manutenção do espaço de erupção do dente 13. Neste caso, a remoção cirúrgica do DS associado ao tratamento ortodôntico prevenirá danos estéticos e funcionais ao paciente, dando a esse um excelente prognóstico na melhora de sua saúde bucal

Cashew nut roasting: chemical characterization of particulate matter\ud and genotocixity analysis

Background: Particulate matter (PM) potentially harmful to health and related to genotoxic events, an increase in the number of hospitalizations and mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.\ud The present study conducted the first characterization of elemental composition and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) analysis of PM, as well as the biomonitoring of genotoxic activity associated to artesanal cashew nut roasting, an importante economic and social activity worldwide.\ud Methods: The levels of PM2.5 and black carbon were also measured by gravimetric analysis and light reflectance. The elementa lcomposition was determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and PAH analysis was carried out by gás chromatography–mass spectrometry. Genotoxic activity was measured by the Tradescantia pallida micronucleus bioassay (Trad-MCN).Other biomarkers of DNA damage, such as núcleoplasmic bridges and nuclear fragments, were also quantified. Results: The mean amount of PM2.5 accumulated in the filters (January 2124.2 mg/m3; May 1022.2 mg/m3;\ud September 1291.9 mg/m3), black carbon(January 363.6 mg/m3; May70 mg/m3; September 69.4 mg/m3) and concentrations of Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca ,Ti,Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br and Pb were significantly higher than the non-exposed area. Biomass burning tracers K,Cl, and S were the major inorganic compounds found. Benzo[k]fluoranthene, indene[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, phenanthrene and benzo[b]fluor-\ud anthene were the most abundant PAHs. Mean benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power values showed a significant câncer risk. The Trad-MCN bioassay revealed an increase in micronucleus frequency, 2–7 times higher than the negative control and significantly higher in all the months analyzed, possibly related to the mutagenic PAHs found.\ud Conclusions: This study demonstrated that artesanal cashew nut roasting is a serious occupational problem, with harmful effects on workers' health. Those involved in this activity are exposed to higher PM2.5 concentrations and to 12 PAHs considered potentially mutagenic and/or carcinogenic. The Trad-MCN with T. pallida was sensitive and efficient in evaluating the genotoxicity of the components and other nuclear alterations may be used as effective biomarkers of DNA damage.CNPq - 555223/2006-

Overweight/obesity aggravates hospital complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a pandemic and patients with overweight and obesity have been reported to be at increased risk for complications from COVID-19. In this context, the objective of the present systematic review was to demonstrate the evidence relating the association or not of overweight and obesity with the prevalence of complications and worst prognosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, JMIR, ScienceDirect, Springer, Wiley and Web of Science were used to identify studies published in the period from 2020 to 2021.  This work was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and PICOS approach. The review included non-randomized or randomized controlled clinical trials, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional and observational studies, and the patient’s included in the studies should present overweight or obesity and COVID-19. From 395 articles, 49 studies met the scope of the review and were selected to be evaluated in this systematic review. According to the selected articles, it was observed that most patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were overweight/obese, elderly (mean age between 60 and 65 years old) and male. Overweight and obesity significantly contributed to increase the incidence of complications as longer hospital stay, invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive ventilation, kidney injury, septic shock, heart injury and ICU admission, increasing the rate of deaths. It was observed that the overweight and obesity significantly contributed to increase the incidence of complications and promote a worst prognosis in those patients, being present in most hospital complications

Transtorno Bipolar: uma abordagem integrativa entre neurobiologia, terapias e psicoterapia

Introduction: Bipolar disorder is characterized by a variation in episodes and moods, which can range from a feeling of euphoria to a depressive state. Symptoms of this disorder may include difficulty sleeping, lack of energy or motivation, as well as a loss of meaning in reality. These signs may vary according to the crisis present at the time and the condition the individual is in. Objective: Understand bipolar disorder and the factors that may be associated with this disease. Methodology: A systematic literature review was carried out covering the years from January 2003 to December 2023. The study was based and guided by the question mentioned throughout the article. Conclusion: In summary, the integrated approach combining mood stabilizing medications and psychotherapy is crucial to effectively managing Bipolar Disorder, providing support and promoting a better understanding of the condition for a more stable quality of life.Introdução: O transtorno bipolar se caracteriza pela variação de  episódios e quadros de humor, que podem ir da sensação de euforia até o estado depressivo. Os sintomas desse distúrbio podem incluir dificuldade para dormir, falta de energia ou motivação, além da perda de sentido com a realidade. Esses sinais podem variar de acordo com a crise presente no momento e com o quadro que o indivíduo se encontra. Objetivo: Compreender o transtorno da bipolaridade e os fatores que podem ser associados a essa doença. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura abrangendo os anos de janeiro de 2003 a dezembro de 2023. O estudo teve como base e norteamento a pergunta citada no decorrer do artigo. Conclusão: Em resumo, a abordagem integrada que combina medicamentos estabilizadores de humor e psicoterapia é crucial para gerenciar eficazmente o Transtorno Bipolar, proporcionando suporte e promovendo uma melhor compreensão da condição para uma qualidade de vida mais estável

LEUCEMIA EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES NO BRASIL: UM ESTUDO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA MORTALIDADE

Leukemias, which mainly affect the hematopoietic system, are responsible for around a quarter of all cancer cases in the age group 0 to 19 years, it is the most common category among children and the main cause of cancer-related mortality. cancer in this age group. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze mortality from leukemia in children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years in Brazil between 2018 and 2022 with projections until 2025. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This epidemiological study is ecological, analytical and descriptive, focused on mortality from leukemia in children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years in Brazil between 2018 and 2022. The data were obtained from "Vital Statistics", specific to the "Mortality - since 1996 by ICD-10" session, made available by the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS). The variables analyzed include year of death and age group, with emphasis on the ICD-BR-10 category: 050 leukemia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Mortality rates fluctuated significantly between age groups over the years analyzed. Depending on the distribution in the studied period, the decreasing order of mortality can be established as: 0 to 4 years, 15 to 19 years, 5 to 9 years and 10 to 14 years. The prediction statistics until 2025 established a general tendency for a decrease, however, among children aged 0 to 4 years, the projections indicate an increase, as the mortality rate for the year 2025 was predicted to be 1.59 (95% CI: 1 .32; 1.86) per 100 thousand inhabitants. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: A general trend of decline in mortality rates was observed in all age groups analyzed, with the exception of children aged 0 to 4 years, where there are indications of an increase, which demonstrates the need to implement measures with the purpose reduce mortality from the disease.Leukemias, which mainly affect the hematopoietic system, are responsible for around a quarter of all cancer cases in the age group 0 to 19 years, it is the most common category among children and the main cause of cancer-related mortality. cancer in this age group. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze mortality from leukemia in children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years in Brazil between 2018 and 2022 with projections until 2025. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This epidemiological study is ecological, analytical and descriptive, focused on mortality from leukemia in children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years in Brazil between 2018 and 2022. The data were obtained from "Vital Statistics", specific to the "Mortality - since 1996 by ICD-10" session, made available by the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS). The variables analyzed include year of death and age group, with emphasis on the ICD-BR-10 category: 050 leukemia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Mortality rates fluctuated significantly between age groups over the years analyzed. Depending on the distribution in the studied period, the decreasing order of mortality can be established as: 0 to 4 years, 15 to 19 years, 5 to 9 years and 10 to 14 years. The prediction statistics until 2025 established a general tendency for a decrease, however, among children aged 0 to 4 years, the projections indicate an increase, as the mortality rate for the year 2025 was predicted to be 1.59 (95% CI: 1 .32; 1.86) per 100 thousand inhabitants. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: A general trend of decline in mortality rates was observed in all age groups analyzed, with the exception of children aged 0 to 4 years, where there are indications of an increase, which demonstrates the need to implement measures with the purpose reduce mortality from the disease.As leucemias, que afetam principalmente o sistema hematopoiético, são responsáveis por cerca de um quarto de todos os casos de câncer na faixa etária de 0 a 19 anos, é a categoria mais comum entre as crianças e a principal causa de mortalidade relacionada ao câncer nesse grupo etário. OBJETIVO: Descrever e analisar a mortalidade por leucemia em crianças e adolescentes de 0 a 19 anos no Brasil entre 2018 e 2022 com projeções até 2025. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este estudo epidemiológico é do tipo ecológico, analítico e descritivo, focado na mortalidade por leucemia em crianças e adolescentes de 0 a 19 anos no Brasil entre 2018 e 2022. Os dados foram obtidos das "Estatísticas Vitais", específicos da sessão "Mortalidade - desde 1996 pelo CID-10", disponibilizados pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). As variáveis analisadas incluem ano do óbito e faixa etária, com ênfase na categoria CID-BR-10: 050 leucemia. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: As taxas de mortalidade oscilaram de forma significativa entre as faixas etárias ao longo dos anos analisados. Conforme a distribuição no período estudado, a ordem decrescente de mortalidade pode ser estabelecida como: 0 a 4 anos, 15 a 19 anos, 5 a 9 anos e 10 a 14 anos. As estatísticas de previsões até 2025 estabeleceram tendência geral para a diminuição, contudo, entre crianças de 0 a 4 anos as projeções indicam aumento, visto que a taxa de mortalidade para o ano de 2025 foi prevista para 1,59 (IC 95%: 1,32; 1,86) por 100 mil habitantes. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Observou-se uma tendência geral de declínio nas taxas de mortalidade em todas as faixas etárias analisadas, com exceção das crianças de 0 a 4 anos, onde há indicativos de aumento, o que demonstra a necessidade de implementação de medidas com a finalidade reduzir a mortalidade pelo agravo

[Covid-19 in the Northeast of Brazil: from lockdown to the relaxation of social distancing measures].

Even in the period when the Covid-19 pandemic was on the rise in the Northeast of Brazil, the relaxation of social distancing measures was introduced. The scope of the study is to assess, in the light of the epidemiological-sanitary situation in the region, the suitability of relaxation of social distancing measures. Based on the WHO guidelines for relaxation of social distancing, operational indicators were created and analyzed for each guideline in the context of the Northeast. To analyze the behavior of the epidemic, according to selected indicators, Joinpoint trend analysis techniques, heat maps, rate ratios and time trends between capitals and the state interior were compared. The weekly growth peak of the epidemic occurred in May-July 2020 (epidemiological weeks 19 to 31). In most capitals, there was no simultaneous downward trend in the number of cases and deaths in the 14 days prior to flexibilization. In all states the number of tests performed was insufficient. In epidemiological week 24, the state percentages of ICU/Covid-19 bed occupancy were close to or above 70%. The epidemiological situation of the nine Northeastern state capitals analyzed here did not meet criteria and parameters recommended by the World Health Organization for the relaxation of social distancing measures

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio