1,938 research outputs found
Observations of Sy2 galaxy NGC 3281 by XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL satellites
We present here the results of our analysis of X-ray properties of Seyfert 2
galaxy NGC 3281, based on the observational data obtained by XMM-Newton and
INTEGRAL within the energy ranges 0.2-12 keV and 20-150 keV, respectively. The
XMM-Newton spectrum of this object is presented for the first time. We show
that fitting the X-ray spectrum of this galaxy with models based on the
reflection from the disc with infinite column density yields non-physical
results. More appropriate fit takes into account both transmitted and reflected
emission, passed through a gas-dusty torus-like structure. Keeping this in
mind, to model the inhomogeneous clumpy torus, we used the MYTorus model.
Hence, we propose that the torus of NGC 3281 is not continuous structure, but
it consists of separate clouds, which is in a good agreement with the results
of near-IR observations. Using this assumption, we found that the torus
inclination angle and the hydrogen column density are 66.98^{+2.63}_{-1.34}
degrees and 2.08^{+0.35}_{-0.18}x10^{24} cm^{-2}, respectively. Also, the
emission of the hot diffuse gas with temperature ~590 eV and warm absorption
were detected.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Advances in
Astronomy and Space Physic
The role of elective courses in training students ΠΎf preventive medicine faculty
By the example of professional training of students of medical-prophylactic faculty the role of disciplines at the choice was substantiated in the organization of educational process at medical high schoolΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ·
Is KPD 1930+2752 a good SN Ia progenitor?
We investigate the evolution of a binary system which initially has an orbital period of 2^h 17^m and contains a 0.5 M_sun helium star with a white dwarf companion of 0.97 M_sun, similarly to suggested SN Ia candidate progenitor KPD 1930+2752. We show that the helium star completes core helium burning and becomes a white dwarf before components merge. The most probable outcome of the merger of components is formation of a massive white dwarf, despite initially the total mass of the system is above the Chandrasekhar mass
Studying the long-time variability of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 4388 with INTEGRAL and Swift
We present analysis results on the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 4388 based on 6 yr of INTEGRAL data combined with Swift/Burst Alert Telescope survey and Swift/X-Ray Telescope pointed observations. These data, taken from 2003 to 2009, allow us to study the broad-band properties of this active galactic nucleus in the 0.3-300 keV energy range. The continuum emission of NGC 4388 is well represented by an absorbed power-law model with exponential cut-off at high energies and an upper limit on the reflection component of R < 0.5. We find slow strong variations of the hard X-ray emission, indicating both flux and spectral slope changes on the 3-6 months time-scale. In comparison with previous results on NGC 4388, the source shows a complex variability behaviour, i.e. the spectral shape and the 20-60 keV flux vary independentl
FrΓ©chet mimo-filters
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ (Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ (Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ) ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π€ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Π€ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΠΈΡ
Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ Π€ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
MIMO-ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― Π Π―ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ£ΠΠ¬Π’Π£Π Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ£Π Π Π ΠΠ£Π ΠΠΠΠ’Π
The article gives an overview of Japanese medical views during the period of Kamakura (late XII-XIV) and Muromachi (XIV-XVI). It emphasizes the most significant medical treatises and the most powerful medical views of the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. The medicine is considered as a part of Medieval Japanese culture affected by Chinese impact, Buddhist and ShintΕ ideas. During the Kamakura period new Chinese medical knowledge of Sung dynasty (960-1279) was introduced to Japan due to religious and commercial relations between Japan and China. Buddhist priests-physicians dominated medical theory and practice at that time. The article investigates βBuddhist medicineβ as well as the main medical treatises of the Kamakura and Muromachi eras: Kissa YΕjΕki (On Drinking Tea as a Means to Long Life) by MyΕan Eisai, TonishΕ (Book of the Simple Physician) by Kajiwara ShΕzen, IdanshΕ (Collection of Medical Advice) by Koremune Tokitoshi. Classical literature of the Kamakura and Muromachi periods such as Tsurezuregusa (Essays in Idleness) by KenkΕ Yoshida, otogizΕshi, The Confes-sions of Lady NijΕ also represents some medical views. Medieval writings reflect an ancient belief that most illnesses were divine retribution or spirit intervention. Ac-cording to this belief many diseases were treated through exorcism and purification ritu-als. Three prominent Japanese physicians lived during the periods of Sengoku (Warring States period) and AzuchiβMomoyama (1573-1603): Nagata Tokuhon, Tashiro Sanki and Manase DΕsan. Further Japanization of traditional Chinese medicine began with the es-tablishment of Goseihoha School (School of Later Developments in Medicine) of Kampo medicine. When Portuguese merchants and missioners came to Japan European medicine was introduced for the first time, yet it didnβt have much influence on Japanese medicine of the XVIth century. The most common diseases and main medical specialties of the Kamakura and Muromachi periods are mentioned as well. Keywords: Medicine in Japan, Medieval Japanese Culture,ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ° (ΠΊΠΎΠ½. XII-XIV Π²Π².) ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ (XIV-XVI Π²Π².). Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΈ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΡΠ½ (960-1279) Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ-Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ-ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π² Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°-ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄Π·ΡΠ½-Π±ΡΠ΄Π΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠΉΡΠ°ΠΉ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΄Π·Ρ ΠΊΠΈΒ» (Β«ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈΒ») ΠΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠΉΡΠ°Ρ, Β«Π’ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΒ» (Β«ΠΠ΅Π³Π»ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ-ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Β») ΠΠ°Π΄Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ΄Π·ΡΠ½, Β«ΠΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΡΒ» (Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Β») ΠΠΎΡΡΠΌΡΠ½Ρ Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Β«Π±ΡΠ΄Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°Β» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΈ. Π Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π³Π½Π΅Π² Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π»ΡΡ
Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»Ρ-ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΌΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π»ΡΡ
Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅-Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
: Π΄Π·ΡΠΉΡ
ΠΈΡΡ (Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ΅) β Β«Π¦ΡΡΡΠ΄Π·ΡΡΡΠ³ΡΡΠ°Β» (Β«ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΒ») ΠΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΄Π·ΠΎΡΠΈ (Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°-ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ), Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΊΠΈ (Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ) β Β«Π’ΠΎΠ²Π°Π΄Π·ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΒ» (Β«ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΒ») ΠΠΈΠ΄Π·Ρ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° Π‘ΡΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΊΡ (ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΈ Β«Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΉΒ») ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΄Π·ΡΡΠΈ-ΠΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΌΠ° (1573-1603): ΠΠ°Π³Π°ΡΠ° Π’ΠΎΠΊΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΉ-Ρ
Π° (Β«Π¨ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Β») β Π’Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠ΅-ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ Π² Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ, ΠΈ Π±Π»Π°-Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ³Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π² Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ
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