Hemp cakes composition and ruminal degradability as influenced by the cold pressing parameters

The growing consumers interest in the oil has made available several hemp by-products for animal feeding. The main of them are the cakes resulting from mechanical extraction of oil which may contain remarkable levels of protein, but also varying amounts of fibre and fat in relation to both seeds’ composition and extraction process. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the pressure and the botanical variety on hemp cakes composition. Seeds from Futura75 and Uso31 cultivars with rather similar composition (respectively, in percent of dry matter, Crude protein, CP, 20.9 vs. 19.9, fat 23.6 vs. 23.3, NDF 48.8 vs. 49.6) were pressed in an experimental mechanical screw press powered by 2.2 kW electric motor and equipped with temperature sensors to control the oil extraction temperature. Each hemp variety was pressed at growing extraction pressures gained by fitting four different nozzle diameters on the screw press (14, 12, 8, 6mm). For each pressure level, the seeds were pressed twice for a total of 16 cake samples which were analysed for chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) and NDF (IVNDFD), determined based on a 48-h incubation in a Daisy II system. A two-way analysis of variance (proc GLM) was performed with variety (n=2), pressure (n=4), and their interaction as factors. Statistical significance was attained only between the extreme values of pressure (14 vs. 6mm) and resulted in an increment of the concentration of NDF, ADF and lignin (p < .05) as an effect of the reduction of the fat content (p < .05). Despite the small differences between the whole seed compositions, the Uso31 and Futura75 cakes diverged for the CP, ADF (p < .05), NDF and lignin (p < .001), whereas no differences were observed for fat. It is self-evident that the pressure worked differently on the two varieties, though no significant interactions pressure*- variety were highlighted. The IVDMD and IVNDFD were affected by both pressure and variety (p < .001) with the higher values observed for pressure at 14mm and the variety Uso31. Overall, the nutritional characteristics of hemp cakes can be strongly influenced by the botanical variety even regardless of the chemical composition whereas they can be significantly modified only by more than doubling the pressure applied to seeds

Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at completion of blinded phase

BACKGROUND At interim analysis in a phase 3, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy in preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). After emergency use of the vaccine was authorized, the protocol was amended to include an open-label phase. Final analyses of efficacy and safety data from the blinded phase of the trial are reported. METHODS We enrolled volunteers who were at high risk for Covid-19 or its complications; participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 (100 μg) or placebo, 28 days apart, at 99 centers across the United States. The primary end point was prevention of Covid-19 illness with onset at least 14 days after the second injection in participants who had not previously been infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The data cutoff date was March 26, 2021. RESULTS The trial enrolled 30,415 participants; 15,209 were assigned to receive the mRNA-1273 vaccine, and 15,206 to receive placebo. More than 96% of participants received both injections, 2.3% had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, and the median follow-up was 5.3 months in the blinded phase. Vaccine efficacy in preventing Covid-19 illness was 93.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.0 to 94.8), with 55 confirmed cases in the mRNA-1273 group (9.6 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 7.2 to 12.5) and 744 in the placebo group (136.6 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 127.0 to 146.8). The efficacy in preventing severe disease was 98.2% (95% CI, 92.8 to 99.6), with 2 cases in the mRNA-1273 group and 106 in the placebo group, and the efficacy in preventing asymptomatic infection starting 14 days after the second injection was 63.0% (95% CI, 56.6 to 68.5), with 214 cases in the mRNA-1273 group and 498 in the placebo group. Vaccine efficacy was consistent across ethnic and racial groups, age groups, and participants with coexisting conditions. No safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA-1273 vaccine continued to be efficacious in preventing Covid-19 illness and severe disease at more than 5 months, with an acceptable safety profile, and protection against asymptomatic infection was observed

Association Between Early Treatment With Tocilizumab and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19

Importance: Therapies that improve survival in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are needed. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin 6 receptor, may counteract the inflammatory cytokine release syndrome in patients with severe COVID-19 illness. Objective: To test whether tocilizumab decreases mortality in this population. Design, Setting, and Participants: The data for this study were derived from a multicenter cohort study of 4485 adults with COVID-19 admitted to participating intensive care units (ICUs) at 68 hospitals across the US from March 4 to May 10, 2020. Critically ill adults with COVID-19 were categorized according to whether they received or did not receive tocilizumab in the first 2 days of admission to the ICU. Data were collected retrospectively until June 12, 2020. A Cox regression model with inverse probability weighting was used to adjust for confounding. Exposures: Treatment with tocilizumab in the first 2 days of ICU admission. Main Outcomes and Measures: Time to death, compared via hazard ratios (HRs), and 30-day mortality, compared via risk differences. Results: Among the 3924 patients included in the analysis (2464 male [62.8%]; median age, 62 [interquartile range {IQR}, 52-71] years), 433 (11.0%) received tocilizumab in the first 2 days of ICU admission. Patients treated with tocilizumab were younger (median age, 58 [IQR, 48-65] vs 63 [IQR, 52-72] years) and had a higher prevalence of hypoxemia on ICU admission (205 of 433 [47.3%] vs 1322 of 3491 [37.9%] with mechanical ventilation and a ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen of <200 mm Hg) than patients not treated with tocilizumab. After applying inverse probability weighting, baseline and severity-of-illness characteristics were well balanced between groups. A total of 1544 patients (39.3%) died, including 125 (28.9%) treated with tocilizumab and 1419 (40.6%) not treated with tocilizumab. In the primary analysis, during a median follow-up of 27 (IQR, 14-37) days, patients treated with tocilizumab had a lower risk of death compared with those not treated with tocilizumab (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.92). The estimated 30-day mortality was 27.5% (95% CI, 21.2%-33.8%) in the tocilizumab-treated patients and 37.1% (95% CI, 35.5%-38.7%) in the non-tocilizumab–treated patients (risk difference, 9.6%; 95% CI, 3.1%-16.0%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among critically ill patients with COVID-19 in this cohort study, the risk of in-hospital mortality in this study was lower in patients treated with tocilizumab in the first 2 days of ICU admission compared with patients whose treatment did not include early use of tocilizumab. However, the findings may be susceptible to unmeasured confounding, and further research from randomized clinical trials is needed.The writing committee was supported by grants F32HL149337 (Dr. Admon), K23DK120811 (Dr. Srivastava), R01HL085757 (Dr. Parikh), R01HL144566 and R01DK125786 (Dr. Leaf), K12HL138039 (Dr. Donnelly), K23HL130648 (Dr. Mathews), R37AI102634 (Dr. Hernán), F32DC017342 (Dr. Gupta), K08GM134220 and R03AG060179 (Dr. Shaefi), K23HL143053 (Dr. Semler), and R01HL153384 (Dr. Hayek) from the NIH and grant U-M G024231 from the Frankel Cardiovascular Center COVID-19: Impact Research Ignitor (Dr. Hayek)

Comparison between extraction techniques: Cold press techniques and ultrasound assisted maceration (uam) method

Hemp seed oils from Uso 31 monoecious variety were differently obtained by cold pressing or ultrasound-assisted maceration (UAM). In particular, the cold pressing technique was performed using an industrial scale plant and the extraction process was optimized by using nozzle of different diameters (6 mm, 8 mm and 15 mm), capable of imposing a different pressure, and therefore a different extraction temperature. These parameters influence the final product in terms of quality and chemical composition. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), total phenols, and total cannabidiol (CBD) were comparatively assessed, as well as the formation of conjugated dienes and trienes. The UAM technique gave a higher oil yield (+ 6.5%) than that obtained with the traditional cold extraction system. The analysis of photosynthetic pigments has shown that the chlorophyll content in cold extracted oils decreases with the increase in the diameter of the bush, and that this content is in any case higher (+ 56%) than the oil mixture obtained with UAM. Considering the carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio, it was possible to observe that UAM technique appears to relatively favor a quantity of carotenoids higher than chlorophylls. Values of ΔK lower than 0.010 were obtained for cold extracted oil with a 15 mm nozzle and for oils extracted with UAM. The data seem to confirm that the use of a larger bush provides the enrichment of the oil and does not compromise the goodness of the constituents with beneficial action. The ultrasound technology also benefits the extraction of phenolics and cannabidiolic acid. The results obtained, although they require further investigation, allow us to assert that the complexity of the hemp oil mixture needs to be evaluated in its fullness and in a different way from what is commonly used for other edible oils