Determination of the Effectiveness of Some Fungicides on Botrytis cinerea, the Causative Agent of Grapevine Gray Mold Disease

In this study, the effectiveness of Fenhexamid, Captan, Cyprodinil, Pyrimethanil and Hymexazol on Botrytis cinerea isolates obtained from vineyards were determined. For this purpose, the efficacy of fungicides at 0.01, 0.05, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50mu%253Bg%252FmL concentrations of each fungicide on mycelium development of Botrytis cinerea and on grape berries were investigated. PDA media containing different doses of fungicides were used to determine their efficacy on mycelium growth. In order to determine their efficacy on grape berries, they were wounded with a needle and treated with fungicides in two different ways, before and after infection. As a result of the experiment, Fenhexamide inhibited mycelium growth 100%25 at 0.5ppm, while the other fungicides hymexazole, cyprodinil and pyrimethanil inhibited 100%25 at 25ppm. Captan reached 100%25 inhibition rate only at 50ppm. In grape berries trials, fenhexamide and captan were more effective after infection, pyrimethanil was more effective when applied before infection, but hymexazole and cyprodinil had the same effect when applied before or after infection

Musculoskeletal ultrasound in pediatric rheumatology

Although musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) has emerged as an indispensible tool among physicians involved in musculoskeletal medicine in the last two decades, only recently has it become more attractive to pediatric rheumatologists. Thereafter, the use of MSUS in pediatric rheumatology has started to increase. Yet, an evergrowing body of literature shows parity and even superiority of MSUS when compared to physical examination and other imaging modalities. MSUS is suitable for examination of children of all ages and it has certain advantages over other imaging modalities; as it is cheaper, mobile, instantly accessible bedside, easy to combine with clinical assessment (interactivity) and non-invasive. It does not require sedation, which facilitates repetitive examinations. Assessment of multiple locations is possible during the same session. Agitation is rarely a problem and small children can be seated in their parents\u27 lap or they can even play while being examined. © 2011 Tok et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Musculoskeletal ultrasound in pediatric rheumatology

Although musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) has emerged as an indispensible tool among physicians involved in musculoskeletal medicine in the last two decades, only recently has it become more attractive to pediatric rheumatologists. Thereafter, the use of MSUS in pediatric rheumatology has started to increase. Yet, an ever-growing body of literature shows parity and even superiority of MSUS when compared to physical examination and other imaging modalities

Relationship between Morphologic, Phenotypic and Pathogenic Characteristics in Macrophomina phaselina Isolates from Cucumber Plants

During 2018 summer season, surveys were carried out in cucumber growing areas of Hatay province of Turkey. Roots and crowns of cucumber plants showing disease symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, root rot, damping-off and gumming were collected. A total of 25 Macrophomina phaseolina isolates were determined by morphologic characteristics on PDA medium. Colony sizes were measured after incubation for 3 days on PDA and colony diameters ranged from 45 to 81mm. A strong positive correlation was present between mycelial growth and disease severity (R%253D0,801). PDA medium amended with 120 mM potassium chlorate was used for phenotyping. Eight isolates were dense, 12 isolates feathery and 5 isolates were restricted. A high correlation was present between mycelial growth and disease severity (R%253D0.920). Sclerotia size of M. phaseolina isolates ranged from 19.1 to 29.9. In the pathogenicity test, cucumber seedlings were transplanted to plastic pots containing potting mixture of soil, perlite, peat (1%253A1%253A1) amended with 50g of M. phaseolina inoculum grown in cornmeal-sand mixture. Disease severity was measured with a 0-4 scale according to the symptoms on roots. Disease severity index was varied from 2 to 4 and virulence was significantly different (Plt%253B0.05) among isolates. Dense isolates were most virulent with the 3.75 mean disease scale followed by Feathery and Restricted phenotyped isolates with 3.17 and 2.27 respectively. According to the results of this study, a high correlation (R%253D0.92) was determined between chlorate phenotype and virulence in M. phaseolina isolates from cucumber plants in Turkey

Interaction of Seedling-Pathogens with Physiological Seed Quality Affecting Soybean Emergence and Seedling Growth

Seed vigor is a complex trait which refers the quick and uniform germination of seeds in the field. It can be highly affected by the genetic background of the seed, the environment where the seeds are grown, and storage conditions (Yang, X. B. 1999). Besides, seeds affected by quality parameters may respond differently to seedling pathogens in the soil%253B these responses are likely to differ according to environmental conditions. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between soybean quality and the effects of specific soil-borne pathogens on soybean emergence and seedling growth, with a specific focus on phenotyping early-stage roots. Seed lots with different levels of seed quality, represents a range of seed vigor with the same genetic background, were created by accelerated-aging (aa) treatments. The effect of aa on seed performance was tested in growth chambers with and without infested soil at 20 deg%253BC and 25 deg%253BC. A remarkable emergence reduction (65-55%25) was observed in the aged-seed. Synergistic effects between seed aging and Rhizoctonia solani infestation was observed on root biomass (root dry weight) and the numbers of root tips, forks, and crossings (plt%253B0.05). Besides, some parameters such as plant length and fresh weight, fresh root weight, root length, volume, and surface area were significantly affected by both seed quality and fungal inoculum. The results obtained from the study is expected to contribute on determining the impact of environmental conditions and stress factors on the epidemiology of soilborne pathogens. On the other hand, we expect that the results will shed light on developing new strategies for effective disease management

Kayısı Bitkilerinden Elde Edilen Macrophomina phaseolina İzolatlarının Büyüme Oranları, Patojenisiteleri, Klorat Fenotipleri ve Genetik Çeşitlilikleri

Hatay iline bağlı kayısı alanlarında ve ev bahçelerinde 2014 yılı yaz aylarında arazi çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları sırasında sararma, solgunluk ve kök çürüklüğü gibi belirtiler gösteren kayısı bitkilerinden örnekler alınmıştır. Hastalıklı bitki dokuları yüzeyden dezenfekte edildikten sonra içinde tetrasiklin bulunan PDA ortamına ekilmiştir. Beş günlük inkübasyonun ardından, gelişen fungal koloniler mikroskobik ve makroskobik özelliklerine göre teşhis edilmiştir. Toplam 30 izolat Macrophomina phaseolina olarak teşhis edilmiştir. Tüm izolatlar tek mikrosklerot ya da hif ucu yöntemleri ile saflaştırılmış ve +6°C’de saklanmıştır. Her bir izolattan 10mm çapında diskler alınarak PDA ortamına transfer edilmiş ve 15, 20, 25 ve 30, 35 ve 40°C sıcaklıklarda gelişmeye bırakılmıştır. Optimum gelişme sıcaklığı 25 ve 30°C olarak tespit edilmiştir. Klorat fenotiplerini belirlemek amacıyla tüm izolatlar 120mM potasyum klorat içeren minimal ortamlarda geliştirilmiş ve sonuçta 30 izolatın 21’i sıkı, 6’sı parçalı ve 3’ü ise sınırlı gelişim göstermiştir. Lokasyon ile fenotip arasında herhangi bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır. Patojenisite testinde, tüm izolatlar kayısı, yerfıstığı, soya, mısır ve kavun bitkilerine inokule edilmiş ve 21 günlük inkübasyon süresinin ardından hastalık şiddeti 0-4 skalası kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Hastalık şiddeti en yüksek 3,87 ile kayısı bitkilerinde oluşurken, yerfıstığı, soya, mısır ve kavun fidelerinde orta düzeyde hastalık şiddetinin oluştuğu ve aralarında istatistiksel olarak bir farkın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalarda 14 farklı RAPD primeri kullanılmış olup, agaroz jel üzerinde oluşan 51 bandın 14’ü polimorfik olarak bulunmuştur. Filogenetik ağaç üzerinde 2 temel grup gözlenirken, bu iki grupta pek çok alt grubun oluştuğu gözlenmiştir. Oluşan gruplar ile lokasyonlar, sıcaklık tepkileri, klorat fenotipleri ve patojenisiteleri arasında herhangi bir ilişkinin bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir

Design, Synthesis, In Silico ADMET Studies and Anticancer Activity of Some New Pyrazoline and Benzodioxole Derivatives

A new series of 2-pyrazoline derivatives starting from substituted benzodioxole chalcones were designed and synthesized. IR and 1H NMR spectral data and elemental analysis were used to characterize the structures of the synthesized compounds. The cytotoxic activities on HeLa, MCF-7 cancer cell lines and NIH-3T3 for these compounds were tested by using MTT assay. Among the synthesized compounds 2d, 2j, 3j and 3n against MCF-7 cells, and 3c against HeLa exhibited significant cytotoxic activity with IC50 between 10.08 and 27.63 μM. Compound 3f showed the most potent anticancer activity against both cancer cells with good selectivity (IC50 = 11.53 μM on HeLa with SI = 81.75 and IC50 = 11.37 μM on MCF-7 with SI = 82.90). Furthermore, in silico ADMET analyses were performed and the drug-likeness properties of the compounds were investigated

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Hydrazide-Hydrazone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents

In this study, a series of hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives (3a-3u) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activities against prostate cancer cell line (PC-3), breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), colon cancer cell line (HT-29) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using MTT assay. In particular, compound 3h having a pyrrole ring was found to be the most potent derivative with IC50 = 1.32, 2.99, 1.71 µM against PC-3, MCF-7, HT-29 cancer cell lines respectively using paclitaxel as a standard compound. Furthermore, compound 3h was subjected to further biological studies such as caspase-3 activity and Annexin-V assay to evaluate their inhibitory potentials. The activity results displayed that compound 3h increased caspase-3 activation and the number of cells to early apoptosis. The additional studies like pharmacokinetics, bioavailability scores and drug-likeness properties were also evaluated. The in silico pharmacokinetics predictions displayed that the bioavailability of these compounds may be high

Septoria petroselini’nin maydanozda neden olduğu septoria yanıklık hastalığının kimyasal mücadelesi

The effects of various fungicides on spore germination, mycelial growth, seed transmission, and infection by Septoria petroselini Desm., the causal agent of Septoria blight of parsley, were determined in this study. Eleven fungicides (azoxystrobin, benomyl, captan, copper oxychloride, kresoxim-methyl mancozeb, maneb, propineb, tebuconazole, thiram, and trifloxystrobin) were tested at various concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 50 mg l–1 in spore germination and mycelial growth assays. Tebuconazole was the most effective fungicide in all the experiments, with an EC50 value < 0.052 mg l–1, followed by azoxystrobin, captan, and trifloxystrobin, with EC50 values of 0.053, 0.06, and 0.066 mg l–1, respectively. Many of the fungicides were effective on spore germination in PDA medium at concentrations ranging from 0.052 mg l–1 (Tebuconazole) to 23.032 mg l–1 (copper oxychloride). Captan, mancozeb, maneb, and thiram were very effective at reducing spore germination, but were less effective at reducing mycelial growth, for which their EC50 values were up to 735-, 192-, 192-, and 191-fold higher, respectively. Seed transmission of Septoria blight of parsley was controlled by tebuconazole, benomyl, azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, and captan, which had inhibition rates of up to 95%, 93%, 93%, and 66%, respectively. Azoxystrobin, benomyl, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin, and tebuconazole inhibited Septoria blight in vivo, but captan, mancozeb, and maneb were effective at reducing the number of lesions only when they were applied before inoculation. Copper oxychloride, the most extensively used fungicide for controlling Septoria blight by parsley growers, was surprisingly the least effective in all the experiments.Bu çalışmada, farklı fungisitlerin maydanozda Septoria yanıklık hastalığı etmeni olan Septoria petroselini’nin spor çimlenmesi, miselyal gelişimi, tohumla taşınımı ve enfeksiyonu üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Spor çimlenmesi ve miselyal gelişme denemelerinde 0,025-50 mg l–1 arasında değişen dozlarda 11 farklı fungisit (azoxystrobin, benomyl, captan, copper oxychloride, kresoxim – methyl, mancozeb, maneb, propineb, tebuconazole, thiram and trifloxystrobin) kullanılmıştır. Tüm denemelerde en başarılı fungisit olarak bulunan Tebuconazole, spor çimlenmesi denemelerinde 0,052 mg l–1’den daha düşük bir EC50 değerinde etkili olmuş, Tebuconazole’den sonra sırasıyla 0,053 EC50 değeriyle azoxystrobin, 0,06 ile captan ve 0,066 ile trifloxystrobin etkinlik göstermiştir. PDA ortamında spor çimlenmesi denemesinde kullanılan fungisitlerin pek çoğu 0,052-23,032 EC50 değerleri arasında etkili oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Captan, mancozeb, maneb ve thiram’ın spor çimlenmesi üzerinde etkinliklerinin çok yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, miselyal gelişimi engelledikleri EC50 değerleri spor çimlenmesindeki değerlerinde sırasıyla 735, 192, 192 ve 191kez fazla bulunmuştur. Maydanozda Septoria yanıklığının tohumla taşınımı yaklaşık olarak tebuconazole ile % 95, benomyl ile % 93, azoxstrobin ve kresoxy-methyl ile % 93 ve captan ile % 66 oranında engellenmiştir. Azoxystrobin, benomyl, kresoxim-methyl, trifloxystrobin ve tebuconazole’ün saksı denemelerinde Septoria yanıklığını üzerinde etkili oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Fakat mancozeb ve maneb sadece inokulasyondan once uygulandıklarında etkinlik göstermişlerdir. Akdeniz bölgesinde maydanozda Septoria yanıklığına karşı en çok kullanılan fungisitlerden biri olan Bakır oksiklorür, şaşırtıcı bir şekilde tüm denemelerde başarısız bulunmuştu

Peygamberimizin Kur’an’dan iktibasları

The aim of this thesis is to learn how the Prophet adapted Koran to his daily life and to learn what the meaning of Koran for his life is. To do this, we have examined the Prophet's quotations from Koran during his speeches, homilies, and daily talks. We've studied the subject of 'quotation' in literature books and the Prophet's quotations from Koran in Hadith books. As a result, we have realized that all what the Prophet says and does refers to Koran. In some cases he also explained to which verse of Koran his acts and words refer. By studying the Prophet's quotations from Koran, we have tried to demonstrate how Koran's verses are applicable to daily life. TEZ ÖZETİTezin amacı, Peygamberimizin Kur'an'ı günlük hayatına nasıl aktardığını ve Kur'an'ın onun hayatında ne anlam ifade ettiğini öğrenmekti. Bunun için Peygamberimizin hitabelerinde, vaazlarında, günlük konuşmalarında Kur'an'dan yaptığı iktibasları inceledik. İktibas konusunu edebiyat kitaplarından, Peygamberimizin Kur'an'dan İktibaslarını da Hadis kitaplarından araştırdık. Çalışmamızın sonunda gördük ki, Peygamberimizin söylediği her söz ve yaptığı her davranış Kur'an' dayanıyor. Bazı durumlarda ise söylediklerinin ve yaptıklarının Kur'an'dan hangi ayete dayandığını iktibas yaparak ortaya koymuştur. Biz de bu tezimizdeiktibasları inceleyerek Kur'an'ın hayatın içine nasıl aktarıldığını ortaya koyduk