Determinants of foreign direct investments: comparative analysis for Brazil, China, South Korea and Turkey

Purpose- With the globalization race gaining momentum after 1980, investments in developing countries increased significantly with the removal of obstacles to capital flows. With the effect of the globalization phenomenon in the world economy, developing countries have sought to meet the capitals they need with foreign investments. Until the 1980s, foreign direct investments were subject to serious restrictions. The priority of foreign direct investment was South Korea and Brazil in the early days. These two countries were followed by many emergency countries with development potential, and Turkey was trying to be included in this group. In the early 2000s, the biggest factor behind China's huge growth was the directing of foreign investments to China. In this study, inflation rate, unemployment rate and the index of industrial production, foreign direct investment coming to Brasil, China, South Korea and Turkey are examined on whether this is effective. Methodology- The data used in statistical tests are foreign direct investments, inflation, unemployment and the industrial production index, which has the largest share in GDP and allows interpretation without GDP being announced. All monthly data used in the tests are gathered from the Reuters, Bloomberg, UCTAD and the World Bank that covers periods from January 2012 to December 2020. Initially, unit root tests were performed to determine whether the data was stable.There are 3 basic critical points to understand whether unit root tests are stationary or not. After that, the VAR model has been applied. But before that coordinates all selected variables together and examines the integrity of the system, it is required to determine the appropriate lag length in order to make assumptions correct. The are five most common methods for determining lag lengths. In order to understand whether there is a long-term relationship between variables or not that are determined to be stationary, Johansen Cointegration test has been applied. Trace Statistics and the Max-Eigenvalue statistics were used in this test. And also impulse-response functions are obtained. Variance decomposition investigates which percentage of the change in a variable is caused by itself and which percentage is caused by other variables. Findings- All data have been converted into percentages by taking changes compared to the previous month. It has been modeled by getting the absolute values and logarithms of the data. For all 4 countries the series are found out to be stationary at level. ADF unit root test performed, then the appropriate length level determined. According to LR Test Statistics, Final Prediction Error, Akaike Information Criteria, Hannan-Quinn Information Criteria and Schwarz Information Criteria, the appropriate lang length appears as 1. According to the cointegration test result, cointegration was determined between all countries and all data. Impulse response graphs were indicated that all variables respond in a reducing way to decreasing shocks occurred in each indicator. Shocks have lost their effect on average in 4-5 months. According to the variance decomposition results, variables were the power of explanation over each other. Conclusion- In the Brasil, China, South Korea and Turkish economy, it is seen that there is a close relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth indicators inflation, unemployment, industrial production index in the long term. According to the output of analyses, it is necessary to create the appropriate physical environment for increasing foreign capital investments, to ensure domestic economic, political and legal stability, to make arrangements that encourage foreign capital. Especially, a policy should be followed to decrease inflation and unemployment rates, which are indicators of economic growth and GDP should be risen by increasing industrial production. Coming from the foreign investments should become from the type of foreign direct investment and it should be supplied that these investments both create new markets and new employment areas by establishing a new facility.Publisher's Versio

The impact of foreign direct investments on Turkish economy

Amaç- Bu çalışmada enflasyon oranı, işsizlik oranı ve sanayi üretim endeksinin, Türkiye’ye gelen doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları üzerinde etkili olup olmadığı incelenmektedir. Yöntem- Analize tabi tutulan datalar DYY, işsizlik oranı, enflasyon oranı ve GSYİH içindeki en yüksek paya sahip olan sanayi üretim endeksidir. Ocak 2005 - Mayıs 2020 arasındaki dönemleri kapsayan aylık veriler kullanılmıştır. Testlerdeki datalar TCMB EVDS, TÜİK ve Dünya Bankası’ndan alınmıştır. Bulgular- Serileimiz düzey değerde durağan çıkmıştır.Eş bütünleşme test sonucuna göre ,tüm değerlerimizin eş bütünleşik olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.Etki tepki grafiklerine göre tüm değişkenler, her göstergede meydana gelen şokları azaltmak için indirgeyici bir şekilde yanıt vermektedir. Şoklar etkisini ortalama 3 ayda kaybetmiştir. Sonuç- Türkiye ekonomisinde doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ile ekonomik büyüme göstergeleri enflasyon, işsizlik, sanayi üretim endeksi arasında uzun dönemde sıkı ilişki içerisinde olduğu görülmektedir.Purpose- In this study, inflation rate, unemployment rate and the index of industrial production, foreign direct investment coming to Turkey are examined on whether this is effective. Methodology :The data analyzed are FDI, unemployment rate, inflation rate and industrial production index with the highest share in GDP. Monthly data covering the period between January 2005 and May 2020 were used. The data in the tests have been obtained from the CBRT EDDS, TURKSTAT and the World Bank. Findings- The series are found out to be stationary at level. According to the cointegration test result, cointegration could found between all our data. Impulse response graphs indicate that all variables respond in a reducing way to reducing shocks occurred in each indicator. Shocks have lost their effect on average in 3 days. Conclusion- In the Turkish economy, it is seen that there is a close relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth indicators inflation, unemployment, Industrial Production Index in the long term.Publisher's Versio

Straight versus S-shaped sternotomy: a histologic study in the sheep model

INTRODUCTION: Straight sternotomy is the most common access for open heart surgery. Techniques have been proposed for maximizing sternal stability in high-risk patients. This trend implies a growing need for newer surgical techniques. The aim of this experimental study in the sheep model is to evaluate median vs. S shaped sternotomy the feasibility of using a special device to accelerate the sternal instability and bone healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 31 sheep, weighing 18–30 kg. For all animals a midline skin incision was made. In group I (n = 16 animals), straight median sternotomy and in group II (n = 15 animals), S-shaped incision was marked on the periosteum of the sternum by new created device for standard S-shaped sternotomy. Sternum biopsies were performed on second surgery month for all survived animals from the sternum and the surrounding soft tissue. RESULTS: No early superficial wound complications were observed. Overall mortality in the initial approach group was 19.3% (6 sheep). In group I; 3 sheep had died on first surgery day, the reason may be hemorrhage and in group II; 3 sheep developed intractable VF during surgery procedure or immediately afterwards so died. There were statistically significant differences in the scores of bone healing between group 1 and group 2 (4.2 vs.7.3, ANOVA, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Our work is based on the use of a standard S-shaped sternotomy procedure on sheep sternum. In our experience with the sternal healing in the sheep model, the process of new bone formation was accelerated with S- shaped cut than straight sternotomy procedure. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13019-014-0173-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

First-line treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer

Fluoropyrimidine+cisplatin/oxaliplatin+trastuzumab therapy is recommended for the first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. However, there is no comprehensive study on which platinum-based treatment should be preferred. This study aimed to compare the treatment response and survival characteristics of patients with HER2-positive metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer who received fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and leucovorin (mFOLFOX)+trastuzumab or cisplatin and fluorouracil (CF)+trastuzumab as first-line therapy. It was a multicenter, retrospective study of the Turkish Oncology Group, which included 243 patients from 21 oncology centers. There were 113 patients in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm and 130 patients in the CF+trastuzumab arm. The median age was 62 years in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm and 61 years in the CF+trastuzumab arm (P = 0.495). 81.4% of patients in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm and 83.1% in the CF+trastuzumab arm had gastric tumor localization (P = 0.735). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly higher in the mFOLFOX+trastuzumab arm (9.4 months vs. 7.3 months, P = 0.024). The median overall survival (OS) was similar in both groups (18.4 months vs. 15.1 months, P = 0.640). Maintenance trastuzumab was continued after chemotherapy in 101 patients. In this subgroup, the median OS was 23.3 months and the median PFS was 13.3 months. In conclusion, mFOLFOX+trastuzumab is similar to CF+trastuzumab in terms of the median OS, but it is more effective in terms of the median PFS in the first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastric and GEJ cancer. The choice of treatment should be made by considering the prominent toxicity findings of the chemotherapy regimens

Effect of mechanical alloying on FeCrC reinforced Ni alloys

Mechanical alloying (MA) is a powder metallurgy processing technique involving cold welding, fracturing and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. In the present study, the intermetallic matrix composites (IMCs) of Ni-Al reinforced by M7C3 were produced by powder metallurgical routes via solid state reaction of Ni, Al and M7C3 particulates by mechanical alloying processes. Ni, Al and M7C3 powders having 100 mu m were mixed, mechanical alloyed and the compacts were combusted in a furnace. The mechanically alloyed (MAed) powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness measurement, optic microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The presence of the carbides depressed the formation of unwanted NiAl intermetallic phases. The mechanical alloyed M7C3 particles were unstable and decomposed partially within the matrix during alloying and sintering, and the morphology of the composites changed with the dissolution ratio of M7C3 and sintering temperature.Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, TurkeyNamik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01]This work was supported by Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey under project number NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01

Sliding wear behavior of FeCrC reinforced and Ni-based composites produced by mechanical alloying technique

The study presents the behavior of FeCrC particulates reinforced and Ni-based composites produced by a mechanical alloying process in the presence of friction and wear. Ni, Al and M7C3 powders having 100 mu m size were mixed, mechanically alloyed and the compacts were sintered in an atmosphere controlled furnace. The mechanically alloyed (MAed) samples were investigated by SEM, EDS and DTA. For the wear tests, the samples were tested in dry conditions. The worn surfaces were examined using OM to study the wear behavior. The friction coefficient was recorded continuously during the wear test and wear rate. The highest wear rate was obtained at 800 degrees C, and the lowest was obtained at 900 degrees C. With the increase of reinforcement amount, wear rate decreased.Namik Kemal UniversityNamik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01]This work was carried out with the financial support of Namik Kemal University under project number of NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01

Sliding wear behavior of FeCrC reinforced and Ni-based composites produced by mechanical alloying technique

The study presents the behavior of FeCrC particulates reinforced and Ni-based composites produced by a mechanical alloying process in the presence of friction and wear. Ni, Al and M7C3 powders having 100 mu m size were mixed, mechanically alloyed and the compacts were sintered in an atmosphere controlled furnace. The mechanically alloyed (MAed) samples were investigated by SEM, EDS and DTA. For the wear tests, the samples were tested in dry conditions. The worn surfaces were examined using OM to study the wear behavior. The friction coefficient was recorded continuously during the wear test and wear rate. The highest wear rate was obtained at 800 degrees C, and the lowest was obtained at 900 degrees C. With the increase of reinforcement amount, wear rate decreased.Namik Kemal UniversityNamik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01]This work was carried out with the financial support of Namik Kemal University under project number of NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01

Effect of mechanical alloying on FeCrC reinforced Ni alloys

Mechanical alloying (MA) is a powder metallurgy processing technique involving cold welding, fracturing and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. In the present study, the intermetallic matrix composites (IMCs) of Ni-Al reinforced by M7C3 were produced by powder metallurgical routes via solid state reaction of Ni, Al and M7C3 particulates by mechanical alloying processes. Ni, Al and M7C3 powders having 100 mu m were mixed, mechanical alloyed and the compacts were combusted in a furnace. The mechanically alloyed (MAed) powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness measurement, optic microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The presence of the carbides depressed the formation of unwanted NiAl intermetallic phases. The mechanical alloyed M7C3 particles were unstable and decomposed partially within the matrix during alloying and sintering, and the morphology of the composites changed with the dissolution ratio of M7C3 and sintering temperature.Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, TurkeyNamik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01]This work was supported by Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey under project number NKUBAP.00.17.KR.14.01

Kırım sürgünü ve Günalan Köyü

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2013.This work is a student project of the The Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.by Fatma Doğuş Özdemir.Özdemir, Fatma Doğuş. HIST 200-12ÖZDEMİR HIST 200-12/6 2012-1