Desenvolvimento de materiais com propriedades catalíticas para geração de hidrogênio a partir do processo de reforma a vapor do etanol

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química.Neste trabalho foi apresentado o desenvolvimento de novos materiais com potenciais propriedades catalíticas para aplicação no processo de reforma a vapor do etanol para produção de hidrogênio. Os materiais catalíticos, preparados por diferentes rotas, englobaram catalisadores mássicos, constituídos por SnO2, dopado e não-dopado com terras raras, e metálicos suportados, a base de Ni e Co como fases metálicas, e Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, ZnO, CeO2 e C como suportes. Os resultados obtidos através das caracterizações físico-químicas e dos ensaios catalíticos mostraram que as metodologias adotadas para a preparação dos catalisadores proporcionaram a obtenção de materiais com interessantes propriedades texturais e catalíticas. Os catalisadores se mostraram ativos frente ao processo de reforma a vapor do etanol. O comportamento catalítico variou em função da natureza e da rota de preparação do material catalítico utilizada. As variáveis envolvidas na preparação dos materiais influenciaram as propriedades texturais finais e o comportamento dos catalisadores. Os métodos alternativos de preparo empregados geraram materiais com melhores propriedades texturais, tais como área superficial específica, volume de poros e dispersão metálica, que os materiais análogos obtidos através do método de impregnação úmida do suporte comercial, refletindo nos respectivos desempenhos catalíticos. As etapas reacionais durante o processo de reforma catalítica a vapor do etanol foram mais ou menos favorecidas de acordo com a natureza do catalisador e as diferentes condições operacionais empregadas.In this work, we presented the development of new materials with potential catalytic properties for application in the steam reforming of ethanol process for hydrogen production. This process has attracted considerable interest, especially due to the possibility of obtaining hydrogen as an alternative and environmentally benign fuel. The catalytic materials, prepared by different routes, consisted of SnO2 doped and non-doped with rare earths, and Ni and Co as metallic phases supported on Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, ZnO, CeO2 and C. The results obtained by the physical-chemical characterization and catalytic tests showed that the methodologies used for the catalysts preparation led to materials with interesting textural and catalytic properties. The catalysts were active for the steam reforming of ethanol. The catalytic behavior varied depending on the nature and catalyst preparation route used. The variables involved in the preparation of the materials influenced the final textural properties and behavior of the catalysts. The alternative preparation methods generated materials with better textural properties such as specific surface area, pore volume and metallic dispersion comparatively to the similar materials obtained by the conventional method of wet impregnation which reflected on their catalytic performances that was favored according to the nature of the catalyst and the different operational conditions employed

Síntese seletiva da metil vinil cetona usando catalisadores nanoparticulados de SnO2 e MgO

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas. Programa de Pós-graduação em QuímicaNeste projeto, foi estudada a influência do método de obtenção nas propriedades catalíticas das amostras a base de SnO2 e MgO usadas como catalisadores na reação de condensação entre o metanol e a acetona. As amostras foram caracterizadas por meios de área superficial específica (BET), adsorção química de CO2 - determinação de sítios básico, difração de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), espectroscopia de fotoemissão de raios-X (XPS) e espectroscopia Raman. As partículas ultrafinas de dióxido de estanho, puras e dopadas com as terras raras Ce, Y e La, respectivamente, foram preparadas empregando-se diferentes métodos: o método químico dos precursores poliméricos e o método físico de mistura mecânica de óxidos. As amostras de MgO (puras) foram submetidas ao processo de amorfização, em moinho mecânico de alta energia. As diferentes fases cristalinas presentes e a formação de uma camada de segregação após o tratamento térmico em elevadas temperaturas (para as amostras de SnO2 dopadas, obtidas pelo método dos precursores poliméricos) levaram a formação de materiais com propriedades catalíticas interessantes, principalmente na obtenção com elevada seletividade do composto , insaturado, metil vinil cetona, a partir da reação de condensação. Os resultados mostram que a dopagem, a segregação e o tamanho de partícula afetam diretamente o comportamento catalítico (atividade e seletividade) da amostra a base de óxido de estanho. Para as amostras obtidas pelo método físico de mistura mecânica de óxidos, nenhuma camada de segregação devido ao tratamento térmico imposto foi observada, sugerindo que os dopantes não estejam distribuídos de forma homogênea pela matriz SnO2, acarretando num comportamento catalítico diferente do apresentado pelos materiais análogos obtidos pelo método químico dos precursores poliméricos, frente a reação de condensação. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras de MgO, confirmam a habilidade do processo de amorfização em moinho mecânico de alta energia de modificar as propriedades catalíticas básicas e/ou a força dos sítios básicos presentes na superfície do catalisador frente aos resultados de conversão e seletividade, na reação de condensação, apresentados por estes materiais em função do processo de amorfização. A avaliação da influência de parâmetros reacionais diversos nos permitiu selecionar como a condição mais adequada para a obtenção da metil vinil cetona com alta seletividade (~65%), uma relação molar metanol:acetona igual a 2:1, temperatura reacional de 300 C e fluxo reacional de 60cm3/min; resultados melhores proporcionados pelas amostras a base de SnO2 obtidas pelo método químico dos precursores poliméricos

New use for succinylated sugarcane bagasse containing adsorbed Cu2+ and Ni2+ : efficient catalysts for gas-phase n-hexane and n-heptane oxidation reactions.

This study describes the use of succinylated twice-mercerized sugarcane bagasse containing adsorbed Cu2+ or Ni2+ ions from spiked aqueous solutions (2MSBA-Cu and 2MSBA-Ni) as heterogeneous catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of n-hexane and n-heptane in gas phase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which a spent adsorbent material based on lignocellulose biomass is used in the catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds. The adsorbent and spent adsorbent materials were characterized by FTIR, TGA and XRD. The amount of Cu2+ and Ni2+ adsorbed on 2MSBA was 0.49 and 2.49 mmol g?1, respectively. The catalysts were active for total oxidation of n-hexane and n-heptane, even at low temperatures. 2MSBA-Cu exhibited higher catalytic activity than 2MSBA-Ni and surprisingly their performances were comparable or superior to those of some catalysts reported in the literature, including noble metal-based catalysts

Effect of different synthesis methods on the textural properties of calcium tungstate (CaWO4 ) and Its catalytic properties in the toluene oxidation.

Calcium tungstate (CaWO4) crystals were prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MAH) and polymeric precursor methods (PPM). These crystals were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption, X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The morphology and size of these crystals were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Their optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Moreover, these materials were employed as catalysts towards gas phase toluene oxidation reaction. XRD indicates the purity of materials for both preparation methods and MAH process produced crystalline powders synthesized at lower temperatures and shorter processing time compared to the ones prepared by PPM. FE-SEM images showed particles with rounded morphology and particles in clusters dumbbells-like shaped. PL spectra exhibit a broad band covering the visible electromagnetic spectrum in the range of 360 to 750 nm. XANES and EXAFS results show that preparation method does not introduce high disorders into the structure, however the H2-TPR results indicated that the catalyst reducibility is affected by the preparation method of the samples

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic properties of nanocrystaline Y2O3-coated TiO2 in the ethanol dehydration reaction.

In the present study, TiO2 nanopowder was partially coated with Y2O3 precursors generated by a sol-gel modified route. The system of nanocoated particles formed an ultra thin structure on the TiO2 surfaces. The modified nanoparticles were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Zeta potential and surface area through N2 fisisorption measurements. Bioethanol dehydration was used as a probe reaction to investigate the modifications on the nanoparticles surface. The process led to the obtainment of nanoparticles with important surface characteristics and catalytic behavior in the bioethanol dehydration reaction, with improved activity and particular selectivity in comparison to their non-coated analogs. The ethylene production was disfavored and selectivity toward acetaldehyde, hydrogen and ethane increased over modified nanoparticles

Use of Al2O3 in an automated on-line pre-concentration system for determination of cadmium(II) by FAAS.

This paper presents the development of an on-line pre-concentration system to determine cadmium(II) in aqueous samples. The analyte was trapped in a mini-column filled with Al2O3 in the form of macro-spheres obtained by the mixture of Al(NO3)3•9H2Oaq and chitosan dissolved in acetic acid. The mixture was dropped into an NH4OH aqueous solution under rigorous agitation using a peristaltic pump, the macro-spheres were separated from alkaline solution and dried, and finally were submitted to thermal treatment. The pre-concentration system was linear between 1.0 and 100 _gL−1, with a linearity of 0.999, sensitivity of 3.58×10−3 L_g−1 and enrichment factor of 21.9. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.08 _gL−1 and 0.28 _gL−1, respectively. The repeatability was between 2.6 and 5.9%. Recovery tests were carried out with a real aqueous sample

Preparation, characterization and catalytic properties of titanium oxide nanoparticles coated with aluminum oxide.

In the present study, TiO2 nanopowder was partially coated with Al2O3 precursors generated by a polymeric precursor method in aqueous solution. The system of nanocoated particles formed an ultra thin structure on the TiO2 nanoparticle surfaces, where the particle is the core and the nanocoating (additive) is the shell. The nanocoating process led to the obtainment of nanoparticles with important surface characteristics and catalytic behavior in the bioethanol dehydration reaction, with improved activity and particular selectivity in comparison to their non-coated analogs. Ethylene production was disfavored and selectivity toward acetaldehyde, hydrogen and ethane increased with increasing Al2O3 content in the catalysts. It is important to highlight that the TiO2–Al2O3 catalysts presented satisfactory values of selectivity toward hydrogen, in spite of the deactivation observed during the period of the test