NUTRITION, HEALTH AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS OF MALE AND FEMALE WORKERS: A TEST OF THE EFFICIENCY WAGE HYPOTHESIS

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of nutrition and health on labor productivity for women and men workers on subsistence farm households. The study emerged from the well founded Efficiency Wage Hypothesis which asserts that nutrition affects labor productivity in subsistence economies. This study develops the Efficiency Wage Hypothesis further by including an anthropometric measure of health along with caloric intake and other production inputs in the productivity analysis The conceptual model was based on an economic model of household behavior developed by Gary Becker. Through optimization it was shown that consumption and production decisions were not separable. The relevant step was to estimate an inherently non-linear production function for the household. The empirical model specified dual causality between consumption and production , and thereby used a simultaneous equation system. A two-stage least squares estimation with instruments was used in the production function estimation to control the endogeneity in the model. The data set consisted of a sample of forty households from six villages in India, covering three broad agroclimatic zones. Output value of production, inputs into the production including caloric consumption of the individuals in the households and anthropometric measures of health, were available in the data set, enabling the study to use all this information in the estimation of labor productivity. The empirical results showed that an increase in caloric consumption increased the female labor productivity but health, as measured by weight-for-height, of the female workers was not significant. Caloric consumption of the male workers did not contribute to their productivity but their health, as measured by weight -for-height, significantly added to the value of output. Hired workers, cultivated area, input of fertilizer, bullock labor positively affected the value of farm output. Increased daily caloric availability and consumption of female workers can be recommended to increase the productivity of the households. Health, as measured herein, can be viewed as a function of past calories and in that context increasing the present caloric consumption of the households would improve health and productivity of the workers in the future.Labor and Human Capital, Productivity Analysis,

LAND AND FOOD SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN BANGLADESH

This paper will study the problems of food supply and analyze the reasons for the slow growth in the production of foodgrains [in Bangladesh]. The foodgrain distribution system will also be addressed and its role in the food shortage problem of Bangladesh. Past evidence shows that landlordism has obstructed the incentives of the peasants and has depressed the maximum productivity of owner-operated farms. This paper will briefly discuss the history of land reform and the measures undertaken to bring about tenancy reforms in Bangladesh.Food Security and Poverty,

Financiación de la educación superior en los países árabes. Problemas y desafíos

Este artículo muestra que el 75% de las universidades de los países árabes han surgido en las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX. Los fondos destinados a la financiación de la educación superior varían mucho según los países. En algunos el gasto total per cápita en educación privada es de 100 USD o más (como en Kuwait, Arabia Saudí o Qatar), y en otros no llega a los 10 USD (como en Sudán, Yemen o Mauritania). En los últimos nueve años hemos presenciado una reducción importante de los recursos destinados a la educación superior en los países árabes.Peer Reviewe

Foreign multinational business-service companies in the USA - regional determinants of FDI location decision making

This research sheds light on the relatively little-explored regional determinants of foreign direct investment location choice behavior of business service enterprises. The sample contains 311 foreign direct greenfield investment activities in 55 of 355 potential metropolitan statistical areas in the Unites States of America in the period between 2002 and 2012. By using the conditional logit regression, the study strives to ascertain two mechanisms. First, the effect of prior investments of business services that are active in the same sector were examined. Second, the research investigates whether there is an influence of prior investments of potential client companies that are active in manufacturing. Both mechanisms show significant positive results suggesting imitation behavior as an influencing factor for the locational choice of a firms’ foreign direct investment

What Factors are Challenging to Manage a Project in Industry 4.0?

One of the main causes of the earlier industrial revolutions was the speed at which technology was developing. However, in terms of technological advancement and socioeconomic impact, it is anticipated that the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) and its integrated technology dissemination progress will expand dramatically. Industry 4.0 creates new organizational business models and human-centered manufacturing systems that have an effect on society, the environment, and the entire value chain. The Industry 4.0 is improving things so much that they are improving things even more. However, there are dangers and difficulties associated with developing a project in any Industry 4.0 area. Making a project will undoubtedly require some sort of difficulties. This essay examines the difficulties of putting Industry 4.0 into practice

Perhaps a Black Girl Rolls Her Eyes Because It\u27s One Way She Attempts to Shift Calcified Pain Throughout Her Body

This essay describes a unique undergraduate survey of African American literature—titled Black Girl Magic Across Time & Space —designed to celebrate rather than punish expressive Black girlhood and womanhood

Detection of bordetella species in individuals presenting with severe respiratory illness and influenza-like illness in South Africa, June 2012 - October 2014

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine. Johannesburg, 2015Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a vaccine-preventable disease affecting persons of all ages. Despite vaccination with either the whole-cell or acellular vaccine, the burden of pertussis has increased worldwide. The acellular vaccine was licensed in South Africa in 2009, replacing the whole-cell vaccine; however, due to no active surveillance, pertussis is underestimated in this country. This study describes the burden of disease caused by B. pertussis and other Bordetella species in patients with severe respiratory illness (SRI), influenza-like illness (ILI) and controls. Prospective, active surveillance was conducted amongst SRI and ILI patients and controls at two sentinel sites in South Africa. Patients who met the case definitions were enrolled from May 2012 to October 2014. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Induced sputum was collected from SRI patients only and combined nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal specimens were collected from all patients and controls. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to target the insertion sequences IS481, pIS1001, hIS1001 and pertussis toxin gene ptxS1. All data were analysed in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation). Statistical significance was determined using the chi-squared test and univariate logistic regression at p <0.05 for all parameters. Of 8569 cases that were enrolled and tested, 118 [1.4%, 118/8569 (95% CI 1.1 – 1.6)] were positive for B. pertussis of which 2% [80/3982 (95% CI 1.6 – 2.5)] presented with SRI, 1% [32/3243 (95% CI 0.7 – 1.4)] with ILI and 0.4% [6/1344 (95% CI 0.2 – 1.0)] were asymptomatic. Positive cases were stratified into confirmed pertussis and probable pertussis based on cycle threshold (Ct) value cut-offs generated by real-time PCR for IS481. Within the SRI population, there were more probable than confirmed pertussis cases [51/3982, 1.3% vs. 29/3982, 0.7%; p=0.02] and within the ILI group there were 0.5% confirmed and probable cases, respectively [15/3243, 0.5% vs. 17/3243, 0.5%; p=0.86]. The highest detection rate of pertussis in SRI positive cases was in the ≥65 year olds (2.8%, 6/208) and for the ILI positive cases the highest detection rate was in the 1-4 year olds (1.5%, 9/614). Pertussis disease was observed mainly in the winter and spring months with a 15% increase in disease detected in August 2014. The B. pertussis attributable fraction was 67% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.49 – 86.63) for SRI positive cases. Fifty-eight percent (46/80) of B. pertussis positive cases were co-infected with respiratory bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella spp. or Mycoplasma pneumoniae) or viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus or other viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, parainfluenza or rhinovirus). HIV status and full pertussis vaccination for age did not affect B. pertussis positivity. B. parapertussis was detected in 1% [40/3982 (95% CI 0.7 – 1.4)] of the SRI population, 0.6% [18/3243 (95% CI 0.3 – 0.9)] of the ILI population and in 0.1% [2/1344 (0.02 – 0.5)] of asymptomatic individuals. The highest detection rate for the SRI (1.6%, 8/497) and ILI (1.5%, 9/614) positive cases were in the 1-4 year olds. The B. parapertussis attributable fraction was 80% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.52 – 95.38) for SRI cases. Four cases tested positive for B. bronchiseptica, of which one individual was HIV positive. B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica were detected despite the case definitions not being ideal for the detection of these pathogens. Bordetella spp. was detected in all age groups tested. This study generates baseline data for pertussis in South Africa and surveillance is ongoing

Corporal punishment of children in Bangladesh in the light of the country’s human rights obligations.

https://www.ester.ee/record=b518707

Anti-Corruption Justice Centre: A Comparison of its Operation in the Republic and the Emirate of Afghanistan

Transparency International\u27s annual reports in recent years have put Afghanistan near the top of the list of corrupt countries. This paper explores how the Anti-Corruption Justice Centre (“ACJC”) – established in 2016 to prevent the loss of national assets, speed up the discovery, investigation, and judicial review of corruption cases, and observe international obligations – set about tackling the country’s endemic corruption. This paper then examines what happened to the ACJC after the fall of the Republic in August 2021 and the declaration of the Taliban Emirate. Lastly, this paper details the approach the Taliban Emirate has taken to the problem of corruption. This paper draws on the unique insights of the author (a judge at the ACJC’s special corruption court until the fall of the Republic), with special attention to the ways in which key cases were brought to the court and adjudicated, under the Afghan Republic. For the period of the Taliban Emirate, the paper draws on interviews with prosecutors and other original research. The findings indicate that, although the ACJC had weaknesses, it was relatively effective at adjudicating the cases brought before it and, had it had more time and continued to enjoy the moral and material support of the Afghan government, could have played a key role in an intensifying fight against corruption. By contrast, though many Afghans remembered the first Taliban regime as comparatively corruption-free, and though Taliban insurgents used public indignation at Republic officials’ blatant corruption as a recruiting draw, the current Taliban regime has closed down relevant institutions including ACJC, and turned a blind eye to the problem of corruption. The status of the laws addressing the subject is currently ambiguous and opaque. The future of the ACJC cases and the effort to combat corruption in Afghanistan is indeterminate

Head Teachers and Teachers as Pioneers in Facilitating Dyslexic Children in Primary Mainstream Schools

This study explores the perceptions of school heads and teachers in facilitating young dyslexic children in primary mainstream schools of Pakistan. Through purposive sampling, the researcher selected eight participants: Four primary school heads and four primary teachers from elite schools of Karachi. The research instrument selected for this study was in-depth interviews to get a deeper insight of school heads and teachers perceptions regarding the facilitation of dyslexic children. The findings revealed that children with dyslexia face many emotional and academic problems and only a few elite schools provide policy to facilitate them in mainstream education. Findings showed that some schools hired remedial teaching services or special education services and the school heads and primary teachers put in immense effort in preparing intervention plans and evaluation plans to suit individual and young dyslexic children needs. It was also suggested that positivity of the learning environment depends upon the teachers. The findings further disclosed that unlike the more developed nations, apart from a few elite schools in Pakistan, there is no importance paid to professional training related to dyslexia