Composting process evaluation of two mixtures of poultry manures

Los residuos del sector avícola, principalmente guano (aves ponedoras) y cama de parrilleros (aves de engorde), pueden generar un impacto negativo en el ambiente contribuyendo a la contaminación de suelo, agua y aire. La estabilización aeróbica a través del compostaje es una alternativa de tratamiento para reducir la contaminación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el proceso de compostaje en dos mezclas con diferentes porcentajes de residuos avícolas (guano de aves ponedoras y cama de pollos parrilleros). Se compostaron dos mezclas que contenían 81% y 70% de residuos avícolas durante 16 semanas. Las variables analizadas fueron: temperatura (T°), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), humedad (H), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), carbono orgánico total (COT), amonio (NH4+), nitrato (NO3 - ), nitrógeno total (NT ) y carbono soluble (CS). Las características finales de los compost A y B fueron: pH 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS. cm- 1), COT 14,8 - 17,9 %, NT 0,97 - 0,88 %, NH4 + 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3-552,3 - 543,0 mg kg-1 respectivamente. El proceso de compostaje podría ser una herramienta para estabilizar los residuos avícolas minimizando su impacto en el ambiente.Chicken production wastes, principally poultry manure (layers) and litter (from chickens for fattening), may impact negatively on the environment, contributing to soil, water and air pollution. Aerobic stabilization through composting is an alternative to reduce contamination. This study aims to evaluate the composting process in two mixtures with different percentages of poultry manure of laying chickens and broiler poultry litter. Two mixtures were composted containing 81% and 70% of poultry wastes for 16 weeks. The analytical parameters were: temperature (T°), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), humidity (H), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC), amonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3- ), total nitrogen (TN), soluble carbon soluble (SC) were determined in each treatment. The final compost A and B characteristics were 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS.cm-1), COT 14,8 - 17,9%, NT 0.97 - 0.88%, NH4+ 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3 - 552,3 -543,0 mg kg-1 respectively. The composting process may be a tool to stabilize poultry wastes, minimizing its environmental damage.Fil: Riera, Nicolás I.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Della Torre, Virginia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Rizzo, Pedro F.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Butti, Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Bressan, Fabiana M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Zarate, Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Weigandt, Cristian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Crespo, Diana Elvira. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola

Evaluación del proceso de compostaje de dos mezclas de residuos avícolas

Chicken production wastes, principally poultry manure (layers) and litter (from chickens for fattening), may impact negatively on the environment, contributing to soil, water and air pollution. Aerobic stabilization through composting is an alternative to reduce contamination. This study aims to evaluate the composting process in two mixtures with different percentages of poultry manure of laying chickens and broiler poultry litter. Two mixtures were composted containing 81% and 70% of poultry wastes for 16 weeks. The analytical parameters were: temperature (T°), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), humidity (H), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC), amonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3- ), total nitrogen (TN), soluble carbon soluble (SC) were determined in each treatment. The final compost A and B characteristics were 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS.cm-1), COT 14,8 - 17,9%, NT 0.97 - 0.88%, NH4+ 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3 - 552,3 -543,0 mg kg-1 respectively. The composting process may be a tool to stabilize poultry wastes, minimizing its environmental damage.Los residuos del sector avícola, principalmente guano (aves ponedoras) y cama de parrilleros (aves de engorde), pueden generar un impacto negativo en el ambiente contribuyendo a la contaminación de suelo, agua y aire. La estabilización aeróbica a través del compostaje es una alternativa de tratamiento para reducir la contaminación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el proceso de compostaje en dos mezclas con diferentes porcentajes de residuos avícolas (guano de aves ponedoras y cama de pollos parrilleros). Se compostaron dos mezclas que contenían 81% y 70% de residuos avícolas durante 16 semanas. Las variables analizadas fueron: temperatura (T°), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), humedad (H), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), carbono orgánico total (COT), amonio (NH4+), nitrato (NO3 - ), nitrógeno total (NT ) y carbono soluble (CS). Las características finales de los compost A y B fueron: pH 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS. cm- 1), COT 14,8 - 17,9 %, NT 0,97 - 0,88 %, NH4 + 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3-552,3 - 543,0 mg kg-1 respectivamente. El proceso de compostaje podría ser una herramienta para estabilizar los residuos avícolas minimizando su impacto en el ambiente

Parthenogenesis and Human Assisted Reproduction

Parthenogenetic activation of human oocytes obtained from infertility treatments has gained new interest in recent years as an alternative approach to create embryos with no reproductive purpose for research in areas such as assisted reproduction technologies itself, somatic cell, and nuclear transfer experiments and for derivation of clinical grade pluripotent embryonic stem cells for regenerative medicine. Different activating methods have been tested on human and nonhuman oocytes, with varying degrees of success in terms of parthenote generation rates, embryo development stem cell derivation rates. Success in achieving a standardized artificial activation methodology for human oocytes and the subsequent potential therapeutic gain obtained from these embryos depends mainly on the availability of gametes donated from infertility treatments. This review will focus on the creation of parthenotes from clinically unusable oocytes for derivation and establishment of human parthenogenetic stem cell lines and their potential applications in regenerative medicine

Insights on bovine genetic engineering and cloning

Transgenic technology has become an essential tool for the development of animal biotechnologies, and animal cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enabled the generation of genetically modified animals utilizing previously modified and selected cell lineages as nuclei donors, assuring therefore the generation of homogeneous herds expressing the desired modification. The present study aimed to discuss the use of SCNT as an important methodology for the production of transgenic herds, and also some recent insights on genetic modification of nuclei donors and possible effects of gene induction of pluripotency on SCNT

Embryo mitochondrial DNA depletion is reversed during early embryogenesis in cattle

The extensive replication of mitochondria during oogenesis and the wide variability in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers present in fully grown oocytes indicate that mtDNA amount may play an important role during early embryogenesis. Using bovine oocytes derived from follicles of different sizes to study the influence of mtDNA content on development, we showed that oocytes obtained from small follicles, known to be less competent in developing into blastocysts, contain less mtDNA than those originating from larger follicles. However, because of the high variability in copy number, a more accurate approach was examined in which parthenogenetic one-cell embryos were biopsied to measure their mtDNA content and then cultured to assess development capacity. Contrasting with previous findings, mtDNA copy number in biopsies was not different between competent and incompetent embryos, indicating that mtDNA content is not related to early developmental competence. To further examine the importance of mtDNA on development, one-cell embryos were partially depleted of their mtDNA (64% ± 4.1% less) by centrifugation followed by the removal of the mitochondrial-enriched cytoplasmic fraction. Surprisingly, depleted embryos developed normally into blastocysts, which contained mtDNA copy numbers similar to nonmanipulated controls. Development in depleted embryos was accompanied by an increase in the expression of genes (TFAM and NRF1) controlling mtDNA replication and transcription, indicating an intrinsic ability to restore the content of mtDNA at the blastocyst stage. Therefore, we concluded that competent bovine embryos are able to regulate their mtDNA content at the blastocyst stage regardless of the copy numbers accumulated during oogenesis82 issue 1 on pages1768

Embryo Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Is Reversed During Early Embryogenesis in Cattle

The extensive replication of mitochondria during oogenesis and the wide variability in mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) copy numbers present in fully grown oocytes indicate that mtDNA amount may play an important role during early embryogenesis. Using bovine oocytes derived from follicles of different sizes to study the influence of mtDNA content on development, we showed that oocytes obtained from small follicles, known to be less competent in developing into blastocysts, contain less mtDNA than those originating from larger follicles. However, because of the high variability in copy number, a more accurate approach was examined in which parthenogenetic one-cell embryos were biopsied to measure their mtDNA content and then cultured to assess development capacity. Contrasting with previous findings, mtDNA copy number in biopsies was not different between competent and incompetent embryos, indicating that mtDNA content is not related to early developmental competence. To further examine the importance of mtDNA on development, one-cell embryos were partially depleted of their mtDNA (64% +/- 4.1% less) by centrifugation followed by the removal of the mitochondrial-enriched cytoplasmic fraction. Surprisingly, depleted embryos developed normally into blastocysts, which contained mtDNA copy numbers similar to nonmanipulated controls. Development in depleted embryos was accompanied by an increase in the expression of genes (TFAM and NRF1) controlling mtDNA replication and transcription, indicating an intrinsic ability to restore the content of mtDNA at the blastocyst stage. Therefore, we concluded that competent bovine embryos are able to regulate their mtDNA content at the blastocyst stage regardless of the copy numbers accumulated during oogenesis.FAPESP Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo[06/59074-0]FAPESP Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo[06/03516-4

Embryo Mitochondrial Dna Depletion Is Reversed During Early Embryogenesis In Cattle.

The extensive replication of mitochondria during oogenesis and the wide variability in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers present in fully grown oocytes indicate that mtDNA amount may play an important role during early embryogenesis. Using bovine oocytes derived from follicles of different sizes to study the influence of mtDNA content on development, we showed that oocytes obtained from small follicles, known to be less competent in developing into blastocysts, contain less mtDNA than those originating from larger follicles. However, because of the high variability in copy number, a more accurate approach was examined in which parthenogenetic one-cell embryos were biopsied to measure their mtDNA content and then cultured to assess development capacity. Contrasting with previous findings, mtDNA copy number in biopsies was not different between competent and incompetent embryos, indicating that mtDNA content is not related to early developmental competence. To further examine the importance of mtDNA on development, one-cell embryos were partially depleted of their mtDNA (64% +/- 4.1% less) by centrifugation followed by the removal of the mitochondrial-enriched cytoplasmic fraction. Surprisingly, depleted embryos developed normally into blastocysts, which contained mtDNA copy numbers similar to nonmanipulated controls. Development in depleted embryos was accompanied by an increase in the expression of genes (TFAM and NRF1) controlling mtDNA replication and transcription, indicating an intrinsic ability to restore the content of mtDNA at the blastocyst stage. Therefore, we concluded that competent bovine embryos are able to regulate their mtDNA content at the blastocyst stage regardless of the copy numbers accumulated during oogenesis.8276-8