Variability in the Dynamics of Mortality and Immobility Responses of Freshwater Arthropods Exposed to Chlorpyrifos

The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) concept is an important probabilistic tool for environmental risk assessment (ERA) and accounts for differences in species sensitivity to different chemicals. The SSD model assumes that the sensitivity of the species included is randomly distributed. If this assumption is violated, indicator values, such as the 50% hazardous concentration, can potentially change dramatically. Fundamental research, however, has discovered and described specific mechanisms and factors influencing toxicity and sensitivity for several model species and chemical combinations. Further knowledge on how these mechanisms and factors relate to toxicologic standard end points would be beneficial for ERA. For instance, little is known about how the processes of toxicity relate to the dynamics of standard toxicity end points and how these may vary across species. In this article, we discuss the relevance of immobilization and mortality as end points for effects of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on 14 freshwater arthropods in the context of ERA. For this, we compared the differences in response dynamics during 96 h of exposure with the two end points across species using dose response models and SSDs. The investigated freshwater arthropods vary less in their immobility than in their mortality response. However, differences in observed immobility and mortality were surprisingly large for some species even after 96 h of exposure. As expected immobility was consistently the more sensitive end point and less variable across the tested species and may therefore be considered as the relevant end point for population of SSDs and ERA, although an immobile animal may still potentially recover. This is even more relevant because an immobile animal is unlikely to survive for long periods under field conditions. This and other such considerations relevant to the decision-making process for a particular end point are discussed

Data governance support for business intelligence in higher education: a systematic literature review

Business Intelligence (BI) is important for achieving effective decision-making in higher education. This study, however, advocated the need to support BI with data governance in higher education. The systematic literature review was conducted using a qualitative approach. The study cover 2005– 2019. A total of 483 papers were retrieved and after exclusion and inclusion criteria, two hundred and three were removed due to lack of relevance. Some of the removed papers were those written in other languages other than the English language. Finally, one hundred and eighty were analyzed for this study. Some of those sources used for the study include Scopus, Springer, science direct, IEEE explore, Web of science. The results were arranged under word cloud, word frequency, Year-source by attribute, matrix coding by methodology, business intelligence, and its benefits, critical success factor, data governance, and its benefits, an overview of higher education and need to support business intelligence with data governance. The study provides information to higher education business intelligence experts on the need to support their BI with data governance