Physiological Responses of Dogs to Different Housing Systems

Background: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis undergoes adaptations throughout housing system that might contribute to the avoidance of adverse effects of welfare status in dogs housed in a shelter. Nevertheless, the influence of housing systems and stabling time on glucose and PCV changes is little known. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the patterns of cortisol, glucose and PCV in dogs housed in a kennel and normal environments, evaluating the differences between housing systems, by taking account the different stabling time and sex. Materials, Methods & Results: The study comprised 98 cross-breed dogs, aged 4 ± 1.5 years, lodged in a kennel (observational group I: N= 61, 29 females and 27 males), in paired household dogs (control group II: N= 25, 13 females and 12 males) and in unpaired household dogs (control group III: N= 12, 6 females and 6 males). Females of both groups were spayed. The subjects were studied on the basis of different stabling times, ranged among <1 year, 2 years and 4 years, and different sex.Discussion: This observational study showed that kennelled males lodged for 2 (P < 0.01) and 4 (P < 0.001) years showed lower cortisol concentrations than males lodged <1 year, males lodged for <1 year (P < 0.001) showed higher cortisol concentrations than females; males lodged for 4 year showed lower cortisol concentrations (P < 0.01) than females. Kennelled females lodged for 4 year showed higher PCV values (P < 0.001) than females lodged for <1 year. Paired and unpaired household females and males lodged for 4 years showed lower cortisol concentrations (P < 0.01) than 2 years and <1 year. Paired and unpaired household females and males lodged for short-, medium- and long-term times showed higher glucose concentrations (P < 0.001) than kennelled dogs. This study showed significant changes of circulating cortisol, glucose and PCV values inter- and intra-groups, according to different housing systems, stabling time and sex. The magnitude of cortisol decreases after 2 and 4 years of stabling time in kennelled male dogs could suggest a stimulus-response relationship, probably due to adaptive responses. Interestingly enough in this observational study was that the exact consummatory event could be represented by the long stabling time itself, observed only in males. Moreover, the significant differences of cortisol concentrations between males and females in group I after a stabling time of <1 and 4 years confirm the wide variability of HPA activity independent of the different sex of dogs. The physiological higher glucose concentrations in household dogs than kennel dogs showed that the normal home environment offers probably more rich stimuli than kennel, independent of stabling times and sex. It is possible to suppose that the housing system of dogs also results in significant rise of organ reserve and adaptability, presumably due at early greatest in functional changes in the catecholaminergic system and related increased hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Concerning the PCV changes, data obtained confirmed the disagreement among authors about sex differences in the circulating mass of erythrocytes according to different age and sex. In conclusion, this is an observational study on the adaptive responses of circulating cortisol, glucose and PCV patterns to different housing systems in both kennel and household, leading to the question of physiological relevance concerning the effects of different stabling, according to the quality of dogs' life

Total and free iodothyronines profile in the donkey ( Equus asinus ) over a 12-month period

Several studies show the correlation between thyroid function and reproductive activity in horses, but no data are available in donkeys. The aim of this study was to determine physiological thyroid changes occurring in 10 pregnant and 14 barren donkeys over a period of 12 months. Blood samples were collected monthly from the jugular vein of pregnant and barren donkeys from June 2008 to June 2009. No significant differences (P < 0.05) in iodothyronine concentrations were observed between pregnant and barren donkeys in the same month. Seasonal total thyroxine (T4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) patterns remained unmodified, regardless of physiological state, with the lowest T4 levels at September and the highest at February, and the lowest fT3 levels at June and the highest at July, in both pregnant and barren donkeys. Ranges of total triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in pregnant donkeys over a 12 months period ranged from 1.57 to 2.90 nmol/l, T4 from 31.01 to 63.67 nmol/l, fT3 from 3.15 to 15.52 pmol/l and free thyroxine (fT4) from 22.47 to 33.69 pmol/l. Mean T3 concentrations in barren donkeys over a 12 months period ranged from 1.64 to 3.37 nmol/l, T4 from 42.95 nmol/l and 61.90 nmol/l, fT3 from 3.15 to 11.19 pmol/l and fT4 from 25.46 to 35.06 pmol/l. This is the first study that provided a seasonal thyroid hormonal profile in healthy barren and pregnant donkeys

Pituitary-adrenal axis responses to routine management procedures in sheep (Ovis aries)

Background: Shearing is considered as a stressful factor in sheep, capable of causing some behavioural changes including variations of body condition and hormonal and haematochemical parameters. On these basis, circulating ACTH and cortisol concentrations were determined in sheep before and after exposure to aversive stimuli in order to evaluate the potential use of these hormones to objectively measure physical and mental stress responses to isolation, restraint and shearing.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty Pinzirita sheep, used as experimental group, were evaluated in baseline conditions, 24 h before isolation, restraint and shearing (T0), after isolation (T1), after restraint and shearing (T2), by taking into account the influence of previous shearing experience (just shorn). A control group of forty sheep (intact) was evaluated in baseline condition (T0). According to previous experience the experimental subjects were divided in two groups, respectively group A represented by 20 sheep (10 males and 10 females), aged 1-2 years, without previous shearing experience (intact); and group B represented by 20 sheep (10 males and 10 females), aged older than 2 years, previously exposed to shearing (just shorn). A control group C of 40 sheep splitted into two sub-groups represented by 10 intact males and 10 intact females, aged 1-2 years, and 10 males and 10 females just shorn, aged older than 2 years, was evaluated in baseline conditions (T0). Blood samples were collected 24 h before experimental practices (T0: 08:00 h), after 1 h after of isolation (T1) and after restraint and shearing, around an average of 5 min (T2). All samples were taken in quiet conditions by the same operator. Serum ACTH concentrations were assayed by a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum cortisol concentrations were assayed by amplified Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Two-way RM ANOVA showed a significant effect of husbandry procedures on ACTH changes, with higher ACTH and cortisol concentrations of just shorn than intact males (F = 15.76; P < 0.0001) and females (F = 17.34; P < 0.0005), and on cortisol changes, with higher cortisol concentrations of just shorn than intact males (F = 6.54; P < 0.01) and females (F = 22.66; P < 0.0001).Discussion: The highest ACTH and cortisol values after isolation, with an appreciable increase especially after restraint and shearing in just shorn sheep, showed that the previous shearing exposure could not induce a habituation to the stimulus, probably promoting a larger release of ACTH and cortisol hormones, so inducing an early and marked coping response to stress in just shorn specimens. Thus, it would appear that different ACTH and cortisol responses of sheep with or without previous shearing experience over the study period resulted in some significant differences when exposed to isolation, restraint and shearing, probably due to changes in pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Nevertheless, it is possible to interpret the increase in ACTH and cortisol concentrations related to intrinsic endocrine control mechanisms as an increase due to a rise in the stressful stimulus or coping response. The magnitude of ACTH and cortisol changes following isolation, restraint and shearing suggests that measurements of both hormones are useful in assessing husbandry procedures stress in sheep, with marked elevations in just shorn sheep, indicating that experience can induce an early much larger coping response to stressful practice of shearing

Bilateral Testicular Tumors in a Non-Cryptorchid Dog: Coexistence of Sertoli Cell and Interstitial Endocrine Cell Tumors

Background: Testicular neoplasms in dogs are more frequent than in other animal species, representing the most common tumors in elderly subjects after skin neoplasms. In cryptorchid subjects, the risk of neoplastic degeneration is high. The cytological examination is essential to differentiate the type of neoplasia and to determinate the best diagnostic approach. Aim of this report was to describe clinical and histopathological features of a dog with coexistence of Sertoli cell and interstitial endocrine cell tumors in a non-cryptorchid dog. Case: A 9-year-old non-neutered male dog, German Spitz breed, was presented to the  veterinary clinic.  On clinical examination, the dog had a body condition (BCS 6/9), pink mucous membranes, capillary refill time (CRT) &lt; 2 sec, lymph nodes of normal size, afebrile, normal heart and respiratory rate. The abdomen was depressible to palpation, without pain, the skin appeared hyperpigmented, with generalized presence of comedones, pendular foreskin and absence of hair at the abdominal level, in the ventral portion of the trunk and neck, scant hair also at the level of the inner thighs and in perianal. At ultrasounds examinations, the right testicle presented a hypoechoic circular focal lesion, in the caudal pole, of 0.7 cm in diameter, well defined, echogenicity and a remnant of normal echostructure, smooth and regular margins; the left testicle showed an increase in size, irregular margins, with a heterogeneous echo structure, given by hypoechoic areas, referred to cysts, hemorrhagic or necrotic areas. The hemogram reported slightly microcytic and normochromic regenerative anemia. The leukogram showed monocytosis. The absence of the typical stress leukogram characterized by neutrophilia, lymphopenia and eosinopenia, and the reduction of ALP allows to rule out Cushing's disease. In order to rule out hypothyroidism due to the inhibitory effect of estrogens on the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) the concentration of total thyroxine was analyzed, reporting normal values excluding hypothyroidism. Blood oestradiol 17-β (E2) concentration was increased, with a normal testosterone (T) concentration of 0.30 ng/mL. Given the suspicion of the presence of testicular tumors, castration was performed by the surgical excision of both gonads, after ruling out the presence of abdominal or pulmonary metastases by chest and abdominal radiography. Discussion: The clinical, histopathological findings supported the diagnosis of testicular tumors. According to the pathological report, both gonads presented parenchymal nodular neoplastic nodular areas referring to the Sertoli sustentacular cells in the right testicle, to the proliferation of Leydig interstitial cells in the left one. The nodule in the left testicle was unencapsulated and showed a solid-diffuse pattern. Neoplastic cells were irregular polygonal, medium to large in size with moderate nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and moderate anisocytosis. In the right testicle, the nodule was heterogeneous in consistency and a diffuse pattern was present. Neoplastic cells were polygonal morphology, had a moderate nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and were organized tubules lined and obliterated the extensive cell growth. Bilateral orchiectomy allowed to improve the clinical signs, and 3 months after surgery, the animal was in good health, with evident improvement skin lesions. The E2 analysis was repeated, detecting normal values, demonstrating that testicular neoplasm in this patient were involved in E2 production; also T concentration decreased considerably from 0.30 to &lt; 0.07 values. Keywords: Sertoli cell tumor, testicular neoplasm, neoplastic cells, Leydig cell tumor, castration, canine

Interrelationship between reproductive hormones and acute phase proteins during estrous cycle and pregnancy in Spanish purebred broodmares

In some species, female steroid hormones modify the profile of acute phase proteins (APPs) during the estrous cycle and pregnancy, according to the ovulation, embryonic implantation and placental development; however, nowadays there’s no experimental evidence for equine species. Objectives of this study were: to compare the serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations between cyclic and pregnant mares, and to analyze the influence of estradiol-17β (E2) during estrous cycle or estrone sulfate (E1) during pregnancy, and progesterone (P4) on these proteins to assess their potential role to identify the cyclicity or pregnancy in Spanish mares. Blood samples were taken from 20 Purebred Spanish mares on the day of ovulation (day 0), on days +5 and +16 post-ovulation, and then, monthly during the whole pregnancy. SAA, Hp and CRP did not change between day 0, +5 and +16 post-ovulation days. P4 concentrations were significantly higher on day +16 than on days +5 and 0; and E2 concentrations were significantly higher on day 0 than day +5. On the other hand, pregnancy was characterized by a progressive increase in the Hp, variable modifications of E1 and P4 concentrations, without changes in SAA and CRP. The absence of significant differences in the APPs between days 0, +5 and +16, suggested that these proteins cannot be used as biomarkers of diagnosis of heat or pregnancy in Spanish mares, at least early, since the Hp later increases during the gestation. Nevertheless, it is possible to use them for comparative purposes with other equine breeds, as supervisor instrument of health status in breeding females as diagnostic tools to monitor pregnancy’s development and/or subclinical reproductive inflammations, that could lead to the early embryonic death.Veterinari

Biochemical and Hematological Indexes of Liver Dysfunction in Horses

In the present review, the authors, based on the multiple functions performed by the liver, analyze the multiple biochemical and hematological changes as an expression of altered liver function in the horse. The liver performs important metabolic functions related to the synthesis, degradation, and excretion of various substances. Modification of these functions can be evaluated and diagnosed by determining serum concentrations of several serum analytes, including enzymes and other endogenous substances. Hepatocellular enzymes, such as sorbitol dehydrogenase-SDH and glutamate dehydrogenase-GLDH, are released following hepatocellular necrosis. Hepatobiliary enzymes, such as γ -glutamyl transferase-GGT, increase in response to necrosis, cholestasis, and other alterations in bile conducts. Serum concentrations of mainly endogenous and exogenous substances that the liver should synthesize or eliminate, such as proteins (albumin and globulins), bile acids, urea, glucose, total and direct bilirubin, and coagulation factors, and fibrinogen should be included in the liver function test profile. The interpretation of laboratory tests of liver function will allow the diagnosis of functional loss of the organ. Some of the analytes considered provide information on the prognosis of liver disease. This review will provide an accurate and objective interpretation of the common biochemical and hematological tests in use in the diagnosis of equine hepatic disease patients, aiding still further the veterinary activity on the applied equine clinical cases.Veterinari

Comparison of Acute versus Chronic Stress Responses to Different Housing's Systems of Cats

Background: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and functional systems undergo the assessment of stress levels throughout living environments, contributing to avoid side effects to well-being in domestic animals, including pets. Cortisol represents the most important glucocorticoid found in felis and it is frequently used as standard marker in stress research. The purpose of the present study was to compare the adrenal and haematological patterns of cats, by taking into account the effects of different housing's systems. The hypothesis was to find a different coping strategies, according to different housings.Materials, Methods & Results: For this study a total of 50 cats were selected on the basis of the breed: European domestic short hair cats, age ranged between 22 and 30 months and housing's systems, represented by cattery and/or households, respectively. On these basis, cats were distinguished into two groups, represented by group A: 22 cats living in cattery, and group B: 28 cats living in households. Blood samples were collected twice a week, for two consecutive days, during one month and subsequently analysed for haematological analysis and cortisol concentrations. Group B showed higher cortisol concentrations (P < 0.01), Red Blood Cell (P < 0.05), Packed Cell Volume (P < 0.001), Platelets (P < 0.01), Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate (P < 0.05) values, and lower White Blood Cell (P < 0.001) than group A.Discussion: This observational study showed that cats housed in the households group showed higher cortisol, RBC, PCV, Plt, HR and RR values, and lower WBC rather than cattery's cats. Another point is that males showed higher RBC, PCV, WBC and Plt than females, irrespective of different housing's systems. The significant lower threshold of cortisol levels in cattery's cats than household's cats could suggest that these subjects were probably totally accustomed to cattery's environment; though these animals were daily stimulated by predictable stimuli and manipulations, characterized by handling and husbandry routine, regular feeding and cleaning times, standard caretaking. On the other hand, the higher cortisol concentrations observed in household's cats could be due to the different environmental stimuli, characterized by unpredictable handling, modified caretaking, presence of irregular talking, petting and manipulations by owners, which promote probably the expression of species and appropriate behaviour with stimulating activities. The significant highest RBC and PCV values in subjects of group B could be explained on the basis of the more intense activity of these subjects, according to the access to outdoor area. These concomitant higher values were corroborated in the present study by the not surprising positive and significant correlation observed between corresponding RBC and PCV values. The higher PCV values observed in cats of group B could be suggest that their daily frequent activity induced a physiological erythrocytosis, compared to sedentary cattery's cats. The hypothesis that the home represented more rousing than cattery setting was assessed by the physiological and consistent higher cortisol, RBC, PCV, Plt, HR and RR displayed in the home environment; The only difference between the two groups was that environmental stimulus (chronic stress) was cattery for group A, whereas household for group B. Obtained data indicate that there was a marked benefit in to establish a personnel-cat relationship in addition to the traditionally owner-cat relationship, providing physiological coping strategies in both cattery and home cats; this was corroborate in the present study by the wide but physiological cortisol range. This study indicates that predictability, familiarity and unpredictability are significantly associated with environmental stimuli and with quality of pets' life

Correlation between sperm parameters and circulating thyroid hormones and testosterone concentrations in Labrador Retriever dog

Thyroid hormones physiologically regulate the semen quality, by altering testosterone concentrations, and different seminal parameters, as well as sperm motility, viability and semen volume. Serum thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and testosterone (T) concentrations were measured in 26 adult Labrador Retriever dogs (n. 20 normospermic and n. 6 azoospermic groups), aged 3 ± 0.5 years old, to determine their specific references, by taking into account the related conventional and kinematic sperm parameters and clinical ultrasound evaluations. The mean values of T4, fT4, TSH and T concentrations, as soon as those of sperm parameters and clinical evaluations of normospermic group were in line with dog's physiological range of literature data. Normospermic group showed significant correlations between T4 and T (r = −0.681; p < .01), sperm progressive motility (%) (r = −0.623; p < .01), and sperm non-progressive motility (%) (r = 0.625; p < .02). The azoospermic group showed higher T4, fT4, TSH and lower T concentrations, compared to normospermic group, and a positive correlation between T4 and T (r = 0.8548; p < .046). The use of breed-specific hormonal ranges and sperm parameters will improve the knowledge of their interaction in Labrador Retriever dogs, adding a new segment of scientific literature.Highlights Thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and testosterone (T) concentrations were measured in male dogs. Conventional and kinematic sperm parameters were also evaluated. Dogs were divided in 20 normospermic and n. 6 azoospermic Labrador Retrivers. Azoospermic group showed higher values of T4, fT4, TSH and lower values of T compared to normospermic Use of breed-specific hormonal ranges and sperm parameters will improve the knowledge of scientific literature

Adattamenti ematologici, ematochimici e funzionali nel cavallo in corso di addestramento

Seven horses were submitted to conventional drilling sessions, during two consecutive weeks. Blood samples were drawn before and after drilling sessions. Compared to basal values, horses submitted to drilling sessions during 2 weeks showed lower glucose levels post exercise at the 3 rd day, and higher lactate levels post exercise both after the 1st and 2nd week of drilling. Compared to basal values, Hgb and Hct showed higher levels post exercise at the 1st day of 1st week; Plt and Pct showed higher levels post exercise at the 2nd and 3rd day of both 1st and 2nd week. HR, RR, RT showed a trend to increase in all postexercise sampling times. No significant differences were observed between the 2 drilling week sessions on hematological, hematochemical and functional values