Bacteriological Study on Dental Caries and Test their Sensitivity to Virulence Factors and Heavy Metals

Tooth decay is considered the most widespread infectious disease in the world. This study aims to isolate and identify the important bacteria related to tooth decay, determine the sensitivity of bacteria in certain types of antimicrobial agents, and study the effect of heavy metals on bacterial isolates. A total of 50 swabs were collected from the mouths of patients from both gender, with ages ranging from 3–60 years. The patients were advised to consult with dental clinics and specialized centers to isolate and identify the causative agents associated with oral diseases. Results showed that infection rates in younger age groups (3–20 and 20–40) are higher than the elder group (40–60), with percent incidence of 44% and 32%, respectively. Heavy metals sensitivity test against the oral isolates were found lower effect for isolates against (15) heavy metals, where it showed resistance to Iron 3.38% , then nickel, aluminum,copper, lead to 20.33%, 22.03%, 27.11%, 28.81% respectively, also sliver shown 57.62%. And, this similarity were found have sensitive to antimony and chromium 61.01%.while appeared sensitivity to mercury and cadmium by 100, 86.44%. Hemolysin had the highest ability to produce virulence factors (72.88%), followed by lecithinase (42.37%) and protease (25.42%). Lipase and urease had the lowest virulence factor production (10.16%)

ENHANCEMENT OF LORNOXICAM SOLUBILITY BY INCLUSION COMPLEXATION WITH CYCLODEXTRIN: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Objective: Lornoxicam is a potent anti-inflammatory drug which has analgesic and antipyretic properties. It is water-insoluble powder. The inclusion complexes of lornoxicam (LOR) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) were prepared and characterised in order to improve the solubility of the drug and enhance its bioavailability.Methods: Complexes were prepared by physical mixing and freeze-drying in three different drug/polymer ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 3:2). The solid complexes were characterised through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Results: The data showed that LOR may be complexed with cyclodextrin (CD) forming soluble complexes. The lyophilized 1:2 LOR/HPCD complex is the most soluble.Conclusion: Solubility increases with lyophilization than with physical mixing and by the use of HPCD than βCD in complexation

An efficient chameleon swarm algorithm for economic load dispatch problem

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is a complicated and demanding problem for power engineers. ELD relates to the minimization of the economic cost of production, thereby allocating the produced power by each unit in the most possible economic manner. In recent years, emphasis has been laid on minimization of emissions, in addition to cost, resulting in the Combined Economic and Emission Dispatch (CEED) problem. The solutions of the ELD and CEED problems are mostly dominated by metaheuristics. The performance of the Chameleon Swarm Algorithm (CSA) for solving the ELD problem was tested in this work. CSA mimics the hunting and food searching mechanism of chameleons. This algorithm takes into account the dynamics of food hunting of the chameleon on trees, deserts, and near swamps. The performance of the aforementioned algorithm was compared with a number of advanced algorithms in solving the ELD and CEED problems, such as Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), and Earth Worm Algorithm (EWA). The simulated results established the efficacy of the proposed CSA algorithm. The power mismatch factor is the main item in ELD problems. The best value of this factor must tend to nearly zero. The CSA algorithm achieves the best power mismatch values of 3.16×10−13, 4.16×10−12 and 1.28×10−12 for demand loads of 700, 1000, and 1200 MW, respectively, of the ELD problem. The CSA algorithm achieves the best power mismatch values of 6.41×10−13 , 8.92×10−13 and 1.68×10−12 for demand loads of 700, 1000, and 1200 MW, respectively, of the CEED problem. Thus, the CSA algorithm was found to be superior to the algorithms compared in this work

The need for sustainable local management to solve the reality of increasing traffic congestions in Iraq

The need to find solutions based on sustainable methods for the transportation sector in Iraq has become an urgent necessity due to the ever-increasing volume of traffic congestion caused mainly by the increase in the number of vehicles and the total dependence on them for transportation in the absence of other alternatives. This increase in traffic congestion drains all of the fossil energy in addition to losses in time, health and comfort of users and those close to the roads. Also, it increases the costs in maintaining roads and vehicles, as well as the harmful effects on the environment. A number of literatures have been studied to explain the effects and causes of traffic congestion, especially in countries whose conditions are similar to Iraq. The roads and intersections in the city of Baghdad were monitored, and a number of experts were requested to discuss the causes. A sample questionnaire was conducted that included several levels and ages of Iraqi society to determine the sample's impression on a number of points affecting the local traffic congestion in Baghdad city. It was revealed through the questionnaire that there are four main causes for traffic congestion and there is a strong desire among Iraqis to own and drive vehicles, which led to a significant and continuous increase in their numbers, and this is one of the main causes of congestion

Monitoring Resistance and Biochemical Studies of Three Egyptian Field Strains of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Six Insecticides

BACKGROUND: METHODS: Laboratory bioassays were carried out using the leaf-dipping method to examine the susceptibility of the laboratory and field strains to the tested insecticides. Activities of detoxification enzymes were determined in an attempt to identify resistance mechanisms. RESULTS: The results showed that LC CONCLUSION: Our findings, along with other tactics, are expected to help with the resistance management o

Entwicklung nachhaltiger Pflanzenschutzstrategien zur Bek_mpfung von Schadschmetterlingen im olivenanbau

Current olive growing practices range from the traditional Mediterranean olive grove to intensively managed olive plantations. Insecticides against major olive pests, like the olive moth (Prays oleae, Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and the jasmine moth, (Palpita unionalis, Lep.: Pyralidae) are still applied frequently. The European Union-funded international research project TRIPHELIO is aimed at the development of economically feasible and sustainable insecticide-free control methods for key Lepidopterous pests of olive. Main research activities focus on (1) the use of pheromones for mating disruption and improved monitoring of target pests, (2) habitat management strategies to enhance the activity of natural enemies in the olive grove, and (3) the use of inundative releases of mass-reared egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma. Moreover, tools for successful integration of the methods developed into an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for olive pests were explored by optimising techniques for surveillance as well as considering potential side-effects of common pesticides on beneficial organisms. An intense exchange of scientific information and technology between European and North African countries was undertaken to create solutions for a wide range of olive growing regions. Key results and recommendations for further essential steps towards practical implementation are presented in this publication.Zusammenfassung Traditionelle, extensiv bearbeitete Olivenhaine, aber auch moderne Intensiv-Plantagen mit k_nstlicher Bew_sserung und hohem Einsatz von D_ngern bzw. chemischen Pflanzenschutzmitteln kennzeichnen die derzeitigen verschiedenen Anbauformen der Olive im Mittelmeerraum. Schadlepidopteren wie die Olivenmotte (Prays oleae, Lep.: Yponomeutidae) und die Jasminmotte (Palpita unionalis, Lep.: Pyralidae) werden durch regelm_ssigen Insektizideinsatz bek_mpft. Das von der EU gef_rderte internationale Forschungsprojekt TRIPHELIO zielte auf die Entwicklung insektizidfreier Alternativmethoden durch (1) die Optimierung der pheromongest _tzten _berwachung und Verwirrtechnik, (2) der Anwendung von Habitatmanagement-Strategien zur F_rderung nat_rlicher Gegenspieler, und (3) dem Einsatz von Trichogramma-Schlupfwespen. Zus_tzlich wurden Module f_r eine optimale Anwendung biotechnischer und biologischer Methoden bez_glich der Ph_nologie der Schadinsekten und m_glicher Nebenwirkungen von Pestiziden erarbeitet. Die intensive Kooperation zwischen Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern aus mehreren L_ndern Europas und Nordafrikas erlaubte den Entwurf m_glicher L_sungsans_tze f_r verschiedene Anbaubedingungen und klimatische Regionen des Mittelmeerraumes. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse und Ausblicke f_r eine zuk_nftige praktische Umsetzung werden in dieser Ver_ffentlichung beschrieben