Use of Poultry By-product and Plant Protein Sources in Diets of Redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus)

A total of 300 juvenile crayfish (13.0±0.03 g) were randomly distributed among 5 dietary groups (n=60, 3 replicates) held within 15×500 L-1 fiberglass tanks connected to a recirculation system (RAS), at 20 crayfish per tank. Each group was fed for 12 weeks one of five experimental diets where the main protein sources were: 1) control, fish-meal-based diet (FM, 48% of the diet); 2) 10% FM + 52.5% poultry by-product meal (PoM); 3) 34.5% soybean meal + 34.5% corn gluten meal (Pmix); 4) 34.5% PoM + 32.soybean/corn gluten meal mix (PoM/Pmix); and 5) 10% FM + 27.5% soybean + 27.5% corn gluten meal (FM/Pmix). The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences among diets in terms of growth and feed utilization efficiency. Muscle amino acid profile of redclaw crayfish fed the FM diet had the highest level of total essential amino acids, followed by FM/PMix, Pmix, PoM/Pmix, and PoM diets. Particularly, in all experimental groups, the highest essential amino acids (EAA) were lysine, arginine, and leucine. Based on these findings, we conclude that redclaw can perform well with FM-free vegetable diets and PoM-based diets although more research is needed into the total composition of EAA and FA in muscle

The essentials of marine biotechnology.

Coastal countries have traditionally relied on the existing marine resources (e.g., fishing, food, transport, recreation, and tourism) as well as tried to support new economic endeavors (ocean energy, desalination for water supply, and seabed mining). Modern societies and lifestyle resulted in an increased demand for dietary diversity, better health and well-being, new biomedicines, natural cosmeceuticals, environmental conservation, and sustainable energy sources. These societal needs stimulated the interest of researchers on the diverse and underexplored marine environments as promising and sustainable sources of biomolecules and biomass, and they are addressed by the emerging field of marine (blue) biotechnology. Blue biotechnology provides opportunities for a wide range of initiatives of commercial interest for the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, food, feed, agricultural, and related industries. This article synthesizes the essence, opportunities, responsibilities, and challenges encountered in marine biotechnology and outlines the attainment and valorization of directly derived or bio-inspired products from marine organisms. First, the concept of bioeconomy is introduced. Then, the diversity of marine bioresources including an overview of the most prominent marine organisms and their potential for biotechnological uses are described. This is followed by introducing methodologies for exploration of these resources and the main use case scenarios in energy, food and feed, agronomy, bioremediation and climate change, cosmeceuticals, bio-inspired materials, healthcare, and well-being sectors. The key aspects in the fields of legislation and funding are provided, with the emphasis on the importance of communication and stakeholder engagement at all levels of biotechnology development. Finally, vital overarching concepts, such as the quadruple helix and Responsible Research and Innovation principle are highlighted as important to follow within the marine biotechnology field. The authors of this review are collaborating under the European Commission-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Ocean4Biotech – European transdisciplinary networking platform for marine biotechnology and focus the study on the European state of affairs

Aquaculture In Turkey

Marine and freshwater aquaculture in Turkey have grown substantially. The first trout farm was established in the 1960s and the first marine cage farm for sea bream and sea bass in 1985. From the beginning of the 1970s to 1999 the number of licensed fish farms increased from two to 1,444. Since 1995, the number of cage farms has grown to 57 and production reached 4,100 tons in 1999. Total aquaculture production grew from 3,075 tons in 1986 to 63,000 tons in 1999. Production is dominated by inland production, mainly of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which supplies 60% of the total. From 1995 to 1999, marine production increased from 8,494 tons to 25,230 tons. The major contributors are sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Because of the rel- atively high temperatures in the Black Sea, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), cultured from the late 1980s to 1997, is no longer grown; only rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in floating net cages is produced. Because of the growing demand caused by increased population and export, aquaculture pro- duction and consumption in Turkey are expected to grow. New fish and shellfish species, mainly marine, are being developed. The bureaucracy involved in licensing fish farms, especially in marine environments, is complicated, time-consuming, and suffers from a lack of technical knowl- edge and insufficient exchange of know-how and cooperation concerning new developments. * Corresponding author. Present address: Istanbul Universitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 34470 Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey; e-mail: [email protected]

Off-season maturation and spawning of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in sub-tropical conditions [Pasifik beyaz karidesi (Litopenaeus vannamei)'nin yarı-tropik i·klim koşullarında mevsim-dısı olgunlaştırılıp yumurtlatılması]

This study deals with investigations on how to control off-season maturation and spawning of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by using various maturation techniques. For the experiment, the broodstock were separated into five groups (Group 1: Control, Group 2: Serotonin-injected, Group 3: Ablated, Group 4: Temperature-fluctuated, and Group 5: Another ablated groups). Each of the first four groups were stocked into a 2-m diameter round tank at density of 9.44 shrimps per m2 (2:1, female/male), while Group 5 were stocked into a 3-m diameter tank at density of 5.67 shrimps per m2 (1:1, female/male). The experiment continued for 2 months until maturation in a recirculation system. Each female was tagged and any ripe female carrying a spermatophore was removed to spawn individually in a spawning tank. The first spawnings occurred on 25-28th days of the experiment in all the groups. The highest female spawning rate (55-90%) and fecundity (79,778-125,015 eggs) were obtained in the eyestalk-ablated groups (P<0.05). Serotonin (Group 2) induced ovarium development in 35% of the females, generating 60,277 eggs per female. Cyclic temperature fluctuation (Group 4) stimulated ovarium maturation in 39% of the females with a mean fecundity of 28,500 eggs per female (P<0.05). Mean egg fertility rates ranged from 63.08% to 96%, and hatching rates from 8.53% to 31%. Spawning, fecundity and hatching rates were found to be different between the two eyestalk-ablated groups (Group 3 and 5), and the reasons were thought to be due to tank size and/or shrimp stocking density. Our broodstock displayed poor reproductive performance with abnormal egg morphology and low egg hatching rates. The stress caused by off-season reproduction and low genetic variation due to past selective breeding programs might have seriously hampered the reproductive performance of our broodstock. The results of this study has demonstrated that, under Mediterranean climatic conditions, the broodstock of this non-indigenous shrimp species can be readily matured and spawned out of season in recirculating systems. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey in cooperation with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan

The effects of rate-restricted feeding regimes in cycles on digestive enzymes of gilthead sea-bream, Sparus aurata

WOS: 000258665000008In order to understand enzymatic alteration during the restricted-to-fed feeding schedules in cycles, the modulation of key enzyme activities in digestion was studied in different part of gastrointestinal track of juvenile gilthead sea bream (Spares aurara). Juveniles (6.4 g) were stocked into 12 tanks at a density of 16 fish per tank. Four different feeding schedules were tested on triplicate groups of juvenile fish: (1) fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day throughout 48 days, (2) starvation for 1 day and then re-fed for 2 clays (S1), (3) 50% satiation for 2 days and then re-fed to apparent satiation for 2 clays (R2), (4) 50% satiation for 6 days and then re-fed to apparent satiation for another 6 days (R6). The activity of total protease, amylase and lipase in the control group was higher than those S1 and R6 in whole gastrointestinal track. The restricted feeding in R2 enhanced the activities of lipase, amylase, and, to some extent, total protease in fish, with the mostly pronounced effect exhibited in the pyloric caeca. Generally, total protease and lipase activity of fish in R2 exhibited no significant difference compared to the control, except amylase activity in mid-intestine. Thus, because of preserved digestive enzyme activities, some food restriction (R2) cycles may be recommended as a routine procedure in commercial production of juvenile gilthead sea bream.University of Cukurova, TurkeyCukurova University [SUF2007BAP2]This research was supported by the Research Fund of the University of Cukurova, Turkey (SUF2007BAP2)

Diurnal ammonia and urea excretion rates in European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax fed diets containing mixtures of canola and cotton seed oil at two different ambient temperature

The knowledge about the combined effects of higher temperature and dietary nutrient quality on the diurnal nitrogenous excretion rates is very limited in farmed fish species including European sea bass. Therefore this study investigated the combined effects of increasing levels (30 vs. 60 %) of dietary fish oil replacement by equal mixture of cotton seed oil (CSO) and canola oils (CO) and two different ambient temperature (24 vs. 30°C) on diurnal total ammonia and Urea-N excretion rates in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Experimental diets were fed to fish three times (08:30-13:30-18:30h) at a fixed rate of 3 % BW.d-1. The daily consumed nitrogen and energy intake of fish were similar during the investigation in different dietary treatments. However, the daily excretion rates of TAN, total nitrogen (TAN+Urea-N) and total nitrogen expressed as a proportion of consumed nitrogen by the European sea bass maintained at 30°C were found to be significantly (P<0.001) higher (40 to 50%) than fish maintained at 24°C in all the dietary treatments suggesting higher rates of deamination of ingested amino acids with increased temperature. Daily urea-nitrogen excretion of fish accounted for between 20-30 % of total ammonia-nitrogen excretion rates for each dietary treatment at 24 and 30°C and appeared to be slightly increased by the temperature but neither the temperature nor the amount of plant oil mixture inclusion in diets or the interaction of these two factors had a significant effect on the urea nitrogen excretion rates of fish in different dietary treatments. However, Urea-N excretion rates in fish fed fish oil only (FO) diet were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to that of fish fed diets containing increasing amount of plant oil mixture (VOM30 and VOM 60) during the light-on phase of the sampling period at 24°C indicating periodic enhancement of permeability for urea at excretion sites. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the mechanism of nitrogenous excretion in European sea bass fed plant oil containing diets under extreme summer time temperatures employing total dietary fish oil replacement to reveal the possible effects of alteration in cell membrane phospholipid composition on enzymes responsible for nitrogenous excretion and/or detoxification. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.106O195Authors would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for funding of this investigation (Contract No: 106O195 ). Funding that O.T.Eroldoğan received from research fund of Çukurova University ( SUF2010BAP16 ) is also greatly appreciated. Thanks are also extended to AKVATUR and Sibal Black Sea Feed ltd. and Sunar Inc. for kindly supplying fish and raw feed ingredients used in the diet formulation respectively

The effects of fish oil replacement by vegetable oils on growth performance and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout: Re-feeding with fish oil finishing diet improved the fatty acid composition

The present study aimed to demonstrate the effects of feeding vegetable oil (VO)-based diets and their blends on growth, feed utilization and fatty acid (FA) profile in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Juveniles were fed five experimental diets in which dietary fish oil (FO diet containing anchovy oil) was totally or partially replaced by cottonseed oil (CSO), canola oil (CO), MIX1 (50% FO, 25% CSO and 25% CO) and MIX2 (50% CSO and 50% CO) in a grow-out period for 12 weeks. Afterwards, all fish were switched to a diet containing 100% FO diet for a further 12 weeks to determine the progressive recovery of fatty acid (FA) profile of rainbow trout. Results showed that total and/or partial replacement of FO did not negatively affect growth and feed utilization. Feeding VOs significantly reduced body contents of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to a lower degree than their reduction in the diet. Re-feeding with FO-diet for 12 weeks led to significant (P < 0.05) improvements in highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA), with a full recovery in ARA contents of rainbow trout. Finally, FA profile in whole body of MIX1 fed fish had the closest resemblance to that of FO fed fish

Chestnut Shell Extract Modulates Immune Parameters in the Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

In this study, chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell was extracted with different solvents, and immunomodulatory activity was investigated in an in vitro model system using blood and intestinal leukocytes of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gallic acid (GA) was used as a standard. Chestnut shell extract (CSE) and GA readily entered both blood and intestinal leukocytes. Superoxide anion production and phagocytosis were decreased by low doses of CSE and increased with high doses. CSE and GA differently regulated cytokine expression in blood and intestinal leukocytes. High doses of CSE upregulated IL-1&beta;, TNF-&alpha;, and IL-10 in intestinal leukocytes and IL-10 in blood leukocytes. Low doses of CSE upregulated IL-1&beta; and TNF-&alpha; in blood leukocytes. GA appeared to be effective only in blood leukocytes. The effects of CSE on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines seemed to suggest an alert effect of the immune defense system against a possible infectious agent. The less evident effect of GA in comparison to CSE could have been attributable to the synergistic and/or additive effects of polyphenols in the latter. The immune-stimulating activity of CSE reported here could be useful for future practical applications in fish health

Thermal tolerance of European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax Juveniles Acclimated to Three Temperature Levels

This study was carried out to determine upper (CTMax) and lower (CTMin) thermal tolerance, acclimation response ratio (ARR) and thermal tolerance polygon of the European sea bass inhabiting the Iskenderun Bay, the most southeasterly part of the Mediterranean Sea, at three acclimation temperatures (15, 20, 25 1C). Acclimation temperature significantly affected the CTMin and CTMax values of the fish. At 0.3 1C min 1 cooling or heating rate, CTMin ranged from 4.10 to 6.77 1C and CTMax ranged from 33.23 to 35.95 1C in three acclimation temperatures from 15 to 25 1C. Thermal tolerance polygon for the juveniles at the tested acclimation temperatures was calculated to be 296.14 1C2. In general, the current data show that our sea bass population possesses acclimation response ratio (ARR) values (0.25–0.27) similar to some tropical species. The cold tolerance values attained for this species ranged from 4.10 to 6.77 1C, suggesting that cold winter temperatures may not pose danger during the culture of European sea bass in deep ponds or high water exchange rate systems. Upper thermal tolerance is more of a problem in the southern part of the Mediterranean as maximum water temperature in ponds may sometimes exceed 33–34 1C, during which underground cool-water should be used to lower ambient water temperature in the mid-summer. For successful culture of sea bass in ponds, temperature should be maintained around 25 1C throughout the year and this can be managed under greenhousing systems using underground well-waters, commonly available in the region

n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment protocol for red earthworm, Eisenia fetida: a cheap and sustainable method

This study assessed the potential of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) enrichment in red earthworm (Eisenia fetida, REW), via the addition of fish oil (FO, anchovy oil) to the culture-compost. FO addition to compost was tested at graded inclusion doses (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 g/100 g compost) and for different time-periods, up to 96h. Dose, time, as well as dose and time interactions of FO compost enrichment had significant effects on all fatty acids of earthworm bodies. The enrichment with 10 g FO/100 g compost sharply increased DHA levels of the worms (14.01 mol%) within just 24 h, compared to the control group (0.92 mol%). Similar increases (ranging between 10.99 and 15.55 mol%) occurred only after 48 and 96 h in lower FO enrichment levels (2.5 and 5.0 g/100 g compost, respectively). Therefore, it was concluded that, to obtain maximum n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment efficiency in REW, an enrichment period of 24 h is ideal and recommended for the 10 g FO/ 100 g compost, whereas longer enrichment periods (48-96 h) are more suitable for lower levels of FO inclusions (2.5 or 5 g/100 g compost)