On the Error Probability of Cognitive RF-FSO Relay Networks over Rayleigh/EW Fading Channels with Primary-Secondary Interference

Free space optical (FSO) communication has emerged to provide line of sight connectivity and higher throughput over unlicensed optical spectrums. Cognitive radio (CR), on the other hand, can utilize the radio frequency (RF) spectrum and allow a secondary user (SU) to share the same spectrum with the primary user (PU) as long as the SU does not impose interference on the PU. Owing to the potential of these emerging technologies, to provide full spectrum efficiency, this paper focuses on the mixed CR RF-FSO transmission scheme, where RF communication is employed at one hop followed by the FSO transmission on the other hop in a dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) configuration. To quantify the performance of the propose

A study of class consciousness in relation to attitudes to the union among A.U.E.W. members in the potteries

Trade unions emerged out of the conflict generating conditions of the capitalist stage of socio-econanic development, as the organisation of the people who participate in the production of the material wealth of society with their labour. They are, therefore, exclusively working class organisations, if one defines the term 'class' on the basis of people's relations to the means of production. Although, through historical developnent quite a number of features of capitalist society have changed, the basic characteristic - appropriation of surplus value, which gave rise to trade unions - remains unchanged. Like trade unions than.selves, workers' attachment to trade unions is the product of existing socio-econanic conditions. Trade unions are not anachronisms struggling to stay alive in society, but, living, functioning institutions. To understand what trade union membership means to a worker, one has to begin with an examination of his relations with society in general, and of the formation of his attitudes and ideas. Because, before he is a worker, he is an individual, a social being in society. Therefore, a discussion of the various theories on individual and society is the first chapter in the thesis. Three main theories are examined in this chapter: (I) Functionalist-integration theories, (2) Conflict theories, (3) Marxist theory. In the second chapter on the "Dialectical Materialist View of Consciousness", it is argued that a worker's consciousness consists of two contradictory parts - (I) class consciousness, which is the outcome of his experiences as a worker and the existence of which is to a great extent indicated by his attachment to a trade union. (2) Social consciousness, which is the product of his 'social being' exposed to the dominant ideology. In this conflictual situation trade unions play a dual role. On the one hand, because they organise workers, they help develop the working class which is objectively opposed to the capitalist system as a whole. en the other hand, by becoming institutionalised within the system, trade unions help to limit the further development of the working class, though it has potential for further development. As his experiences as a worker increase, his class consciousness develops, while his social consciousness contracts. These are the main assumptions of the theory of 'consciousness and working class consciousness' which is subsequently tested with material gathered from interviews with members of the A.U.E.W. in the Potteries

Iterative Receiver with Low Complexity for Downlink Multicarrier Communications over Rapidly Time-Varying Channels

This study proposes an iterative, joint channel estimation, equalization, and data detection method in the presence of high mobility for a multicarrier downlink system that communicates over rapidly time-varying channels. The proposed method uses a basis expansion method (BEM) which has low computational complexity and helps to reduce the number of coefficients needed to represent a time-varying channel and therefore is extremely easy to implement practically. Unlike the current literature, which is almost entirely focused on the uplink communication systems due to their computational costs, this method prioritizes the goal of being feasible in a downlink system with a reasonable performance. The proposed suboptimal algorithm is based on the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm and the time-varying channel is represented by orthogonal basis functions obtained by means of discrete Walsh-Hadamard transform (DWHT). The resulting receiver iterates between maximum a posteriori (MAP) based channel estimation in the subspace spanned by the orthogonal basis functions and successive interference cancellation. Numerical examples show that the proposed algorithm has a satisfactory symbol error rate with low computational complexity and also has a reasonable peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction effect

The Turkish version of the Omaha System: Its use in practice-based family nursing education

The aims of this manuscript are to examine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Omaha System, and to demonstrate its effectiveness as a toot for nursing education. In this methodological and descriptive study, seventy students attending a training program used the Omaha System in clinical practice settings for assessing health problems of 157 clients and for nursing interventions during 378 home visits. After the system's adaptation to the Turkish language, its content validity was reconfirmed through feedback from the students and interrater reliability was tested on six independent students with kappa statistics. The reliabitity scores were at a statistically significant level when coding the records using the Omaha System. Clinical practice was explained with 332 problems and 1783 nursing intervention terms. Study findings indicate several strengths, including high reliability - except in target terms, coding of problems and interventions, improved understanding of the course, as well. as some limitations: the need for new terms and more time required for manual documentation. The findings of the study supported the usefulness of the Omaha System in describing the practice of community health nursing. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

The cathedral complex at Nisibis

WOS: 000325783300007The cathedral complex at Nisibis sits within what is currently a large excavation site. The excavations, continuing on and off over the last 12 years, have yielded exciting discoveries. This article is not a report of the excavations as such, but, in the light of them, it revisits the cathedral complex in an attempt to reconstruct the possible cathedral on the site and to establish the building phases of the only standing structure on the site, known as the 'Church of Mor Yaqub', which was the baptistery of the cathedral

A Cognitive Radio Enabled RF/FSO Communication Model for Aerial Relay Networks: Possible Configurations and Opportunities

Two emerging technologies, cognitive radio (CR) and free-space optical (FSO) communication, have created much interest both in academia and industry recently as they can fully utilize the spectrum while providing cost-efficient secure communication. In this article, motivated by the mounting interest in CR and FSO systems and by their ability to be rapidly deployed for civil and military applications, particularly in emergency situations, we propose a CR enabled radio frequency (RF)/FSO communication model for an aerial relay network. In the proposed model, CR enabled RF communication is employed for a ground-to-air channel to exploit the advantages of CR, including spectrum efficiency, multi-user connectivity, and spatial diversity. For an air-to-air channel, FSO communication is used, since the air-to-air path can provide perfect line-of-sight connectivity, which is vital for FSO systems. Finally, for an air-to-ground channel, a hybrid RF/FSO communication system is employed, where the RF communication functions as a backup for the FSO communication in the presence of adverse weather conditions. The proposed communication model is shown to be capable of fully utilizing the frequency spectrum, while effectively dealing with RF network problems of spectrum mobility and underutilization, especially for emergency conditions when multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are deployed

Delayed diagnosis of an intraorbital wooden foreign body

A 35-year-old male patient was presented with pain on his right upper eyelid. A piece of wood injured his orbital and supraorbital regions while working at a furniture factory 10 days prior to our hospital admission. It was learned that the patient was discharged following the primary would closure procedure. Subsequent to the craniofacial computed tomography, primary wound closure was performed in the emergency room of previous hospital. In our clinic, a skin suturing on the nasal side of the right eyebrow was inspected and a foreign body (FB) was palpated on the superonasal contiguity of the patients' right globe. A hyperdense FB measuring 30x10x5mm in size with smooth margins on superonasal contour of the globe was detected. Superonasal orbitotomy was performed and the FB was completely removed. Finally, visual acuity was 20/20 and a mild residual ptosis was observed