Changing trends in cardiovascular risk factors among adults in southern Nigeria

Background: Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause 17.9 million deaths yearly. In nations like Nigeria, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, coupled with modifiable behaviors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, smoking, and alcohol use, are rising. This study focused on assessing the evolving prevalence and distribution of CVD risk factors among adults in southern Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in Port Harcourt, Rivers state, was part of world heart day celebrations over three years (September 2019-September 2023). 309 adults participated, undergoing screening for blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and body mass index calculated from weight and height measurements. Results: Over three years, 309 subjects (mean age 46.63±12.03) were studied, with 53.40% females and 46.28% males. Most cardiovascular risk factors occurred in the 41-50 age group. Hypertension rose from 65.63% (2019) to 75.29% (2023), dipping to 64.79% (2022). Obesity decreased from 29.69% (2019) to 24.71% (2023), rising to 30.99% (2022). Diabetes increased from 23.44% (2019) to 27.59% (2023), decreasing to 19.71% (2022). Total cholesterol rose from 1.56% (2019) to 2.9% (2023). High LDL increased from 3.12% (2019) to 12.7% (2023). Low HDL and high TRIG decreased from 2019 to 2023. Conclusions: From 2019 to 2023, cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia increased, with a slight fluctuation in 2022. Heightened awareness and preventive measures against adult CVD risk factors are imperative. National education on risk factors is vital for individuals to monitor their blood pressure, weight, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels