36 research outputs found
Fate of the runner in hit-and-run collisions
In similar-sized planetary collisions, a significant part of the impactor
often misses the target and continues downrange. We follow the dynamical
evolution of "runners" from giant impacts to determine their ultimate fate.
Surprisingly, runners re-impact their target planets only about half of the
time, for realistic collisional and dynamical scenarios. Otherwise they remain
in orbit for tens of millions of years (the limit of our N-body calculations)
and longer, or sometimes collide with a different planet than the first one.
When the runner does return to collide again with the same arget planet, its
impact velocity is mainly constrained by the outcome of the prior collision.
Impact angle and orientation, however, are unconstrained by the prior
collision.Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Ap
SPH calculations of Mars-scale collisions: the role of the Equation of State, material rheologies, and numerical effects
We model large-scale (2000km) impacts on a Mars-like planet using a
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics code. The effects of material strength and of
using different Equations of State on the post-impact material and temperature
distributions are investigated. The properties of the ejected material in terms
of escaping and disc mass are analysed as well. We also study potential
numerical effects in the context of density discontinuities and rigid body
rotation. We find that in the large-scale collision regime considered here
(with impact velocities of 4km/s), the effect of material strength is
substantial for the post-impact distribution of the temperature and the
impactor material, while the influence of the Equation of State is more subtle
and present only at very high temperatures.Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures; accepted for publication in Icaru
Graze-and-Merge Collisions under External Perturbers
Graze-and-merge collisions (GMCs) are common multi-step mergers occurring in
low-velocity off-axis impacts between similar sized planetary bodies. The first
impact happens at somewhat faster than the mutual escape velocity; for typical
impact angles this does not result in immediate accretion, but the smaller body
is slowed down so that it loops back around and collides again, ultimately
accreting. The scenario changes in the presence of a third major body, i.e.
planets accreting around a star, or satellites around a planet. We find that
when the loop-back orbit remains inside roughly 1/3 of the Hill radius from the
target, then the overall process is not strongly affected. As the loop-back
orbit increases in radius, the return velocity and angle of the second
collision become increasingly random, with no record of the first collision's
orientation. When the loop-back orbit gets to about 3/4 of the Hill radius, the
path of smaller body is disturbed up to the point that it will usually escape
the target.Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in Ap
Planetary population synthesis and the emergence of four classes of planetary system architectures
Planetary population synthesis is a helpful tool to understand the physics of planetary system formation. It builds on a global model, meaning that the model has to include a multitude of physical processes. The outcome can be statistically compared with exoplanet observations. Here, we review the population synthesis method and then use one population computed using the Generation III Bern model to explore how different planetary system architectures emerge and which conditions lead to their formation. The emerging systems can be classified into four main architectures: Class I of near in situ compositionally ordered terrestrial and ice planets, Class II of migrated sub-Neptunes, Class III of mixed low-mass and giant planets, broadly similar to the Solar System, and Class IV of dynamically active giants without inner low-mass planets. These four classes exhibit distinct typical formation pathways and are characterised by certain mass scales. We find that Class I forms from the local accretion of planetesimals followed by a giant impact phase, and the final planet masses correspond to what is expected from such a scenario, the ‘Goldreich mass’. Class II, the migrated sub-Neptune systems form when planets reach the ‘equality mass’ where accretion and migration timescales are comparable before the dispersal of the gas disc, but not large enough to allow for rapid gas accretion. Giant planets form when the ‘equality mass’ allows for gas accretion to proceed while the planet is migrating, i.e. when the critical core mass is reached. The main discriminant of the four classes is the initial mass of solids in the disc, with contributions from the lifetime and mass of the gas disc. The distinction between mixed Class III systems and Class IV dynamically active giants is in part due to the stochastic nature of dynamical interactions, such as scatterings between giant planets, rather than the initial conditions only. The breakdown of system into classes allows to better interpret the outcome of a complex model and understand which physical processes are dominant. Comparison with observations reveals differences to the actual population, pointing at limitation of theoretical understanding. For example, the overrepresentation of synthetic super-Earths and sub-Neptunes in Class I systems causes these planets to be found at lower metallicities than in observations. © 2023, The Author(s).Open access articleThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
Coupling SPH and thermochemical models of planets: Methodology and example of a Mars-sized body
Giant impacts have been suggested to explain various characteristics of
terrestrial planets and their moons. However, so far in most models only the
immediate effects of the collisions have been considered, while the long-term
interior evolution of the impacted planets was not studied. Here we present a
new approach, combining 3-D shock physics collision calculations with 3-D
thermochemical interior evolution models. We apply the combined methods to a
demonstration example of a giant impact on a Mars-sized body, using typical
collisional parameters from previous studies. While the material parameters
(equation of state, rheology model) used in the impact simulations can have
some effect on the long-term evolution, we find that the impact angle is the
most crucial parameter for the resulting spatial distribution of the newly
formed crust. The results indicate that a dichotomous crustal pattern can form
after a head-on collision, while this is not the case when considering a more
likely grazing collision. Our results underline that end-to-end 3-D
calculations of the entire process are required to study in the future the
effects of large-scale impacts on the evolution of planetary interiors.Comment: 29 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Icaru
The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. II -- Population Synthesis in the Era of Kepler
The collection of planetary system properties derived from large surveys such
as Kepler provides critical constraints on planet formation and evolution.
These constraints can only be applied to planet formation models, however, if
the observational biases and selection effects are properly accounted for. Here
we show how epos, the Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator, can be used
to constrain planet formation models by comparing the Bern planet population
synthesis models to the Kepler exoplanetary systems. We compile a series of
diagnostics, based on occurrence rates of different classes of planets and the
architectures of multi-planet systems, that can be used as benchmarks for
future and current modeling efforts. Overall, we find that a model with 100
seed planetary cores per protoplanetary disk provides a reasonable match to
most diagnostics. Based on these diagnostics we identify physical properties
and processes that would result in the Bern model more closely matching the
known planetary systems. These are: moving the planet trap at the inner disk
edge outward; increasing the formation efficiency of mini-Neptunes; and
reducing the fraction of stars that form observable planets. We conclude with
an outlook on the composition of planets in the habitable zone, and highlight
that the majority of simulated planets smaller than 1.7 Earth radii have
substantial hydrogen atmospheres.
The software used in this paper is available online for public scrutiny at
https://github.com/GijsMulders/eposComment: Accepted in Ap
The impact of pebble flux regulated planetesimal formation on giant planet formation
Forming gas giant planets by the accretion of 100 km diameter planetesimals,
a typical size that results from self-gravity assisted planetesimal formation,
is often thought to be inefficient. Many models therefore use small km-sized
planetesimals, or invoke the accretion of pebbles. Furthermore, models based on
planetesimal accretion often use the ad hoc assumption of planetesimals
distributed radially in a minimum mass solar nebula fashion. We wish to
investigate the impact of various initial radial density distributions in
planetesimals with a dynamical model for the formation of planetesimals on the
resulting population of planets. In doing so, we highlight the directive role
of the early stages of dust evolution into pebbles and planetesimals in the
circumstellar disk on the following planetary formation. We have implemented a
two population model for solid evolution and a pebble flux regulated model for
planetesimal formation into our global model for planet population synthesis.
This framework is used to study the global effect of planetesimal formation on
planet formation. As reference, we compare our dynamically formed planetesimal
surface densities with ad-hoc set distributions of different radial density
slopes of planetesimals. Even though required, it is not solely the total
planetesimal disk mass, but the planetesimal surface density slope and
subsequently the formation mechanism of planetesimals, that enables planetary
growth via planetesimal accretion. Highly condensed regions of only 100 km
sized planetesimals in the inner regions of circumstellar disks can lead to gas
giant growth. Pebble flux regulated planetesimal formation strongly boosts
planet formation, because it is a highly effective mechanism to create a steep
planetesimal density profile. We find this to lead to the formation of giant
planets inside 1 au by 100 km already by pure planetesimal accretion
Sputnik Planitia as an impactor remnant indicative of an ancient rocky mascon in an oceanless Pluto.
Pluto's surface is dominated by the huge, pear-shaped basin Sputnik Planitia. It appears to be of impact origin, but modelling has not yet explained its peculiar geometry. We propose an impact mechanism that reproduces its topographic shape while also explaining its alignment near the Pluto-Charon axis. Using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to model realistic collisions, we provide a hypothesis that does not rely upon a cold, stiff crust atop a contrarily liquid ocean where a differentiated ~730 km ice-rock impactor collides at low-velocity into a subsolidus Pluto-like target. The result is a new geologic region dominated by impactor material, namely a basin that (in a 30° collision) closely reproduces the morphology of Sputnik Planitia, and a captured rocky impactor core that has penetrated the ice to accrete as a substantial, strength-supported mascon. This provides an alternative explanation for Sputnik Planitia's equatorial alignment and illustrates a regime in which strength effects, in low-velocity collisions between trans-Neptunian objects, lead to impactor-dominated regions on the surface and at depth