Public Goods Game Contributions by Exercise Intensity Condition.

<p>Circle area is a function of the number of participants from either the low or moderate intensity exercise conditions who contributed the given amount to the group fund in the public goods game.</p

Social reward and support effects on exercise experiences and performance: evidence from parkrun

There is growing academic, civic and policy interest in the public health benefits of community-based exercise events. Shifting the emphasis from competitive sport to communal activity, these events have wide appeal. In addition to physical health benefits, regular participation can reduce social isolation and loneliness through opportunities for social connection. Taking a broad evolutionary and social psychological perspective, we suggest that social factors warrant more attention in current approaches to physical (in)activity and exercise behavior. We develop and test the hypothesis that social reward and support in exercise are associated with positive exercise experiences and greater performance outputs. Using a repeated-measures design, we examine the influence of social perceptions and behavior on subjective enjoyment, energy, fatigue, effort, and objective performance (run times) among a UK sample of parkrun participants. Social factors were associated with greater subjective enjoyment and energy. Higher subjective energy, in turn, was associated with faster run times, without any corresponding increase in perceived effort. No significant main effects of social factors on fatigue, performance or effort were detected. The role of social structural factors has long been recognized in public health approaches to physical activity. Our results indicate that there should be greater research attention on how positive and rewarding social behaviors and experiences—particularly subjective enjoyment and energy, and perceptions of community social support and belonging—influence exercise-related behavior, psychology and physiology, and promote health through collective physical activity. The research also supplements traditional emphases on social facilitation and team sport that have dominated sport and exercise psychology and offers new avenues for understanding the deep connections among psychological, social and physical function in everyday healt

Group-level moralization of local deities appears to increase as a function of group-level material security.

<p>Note that the Hadza are missing due to difficulty with scale items and the Lovu are missing due to a lack of local deity data. This figure illustrates how aggregate, group-level patterns can be misleading for individual-level inferences. Compare this to the null effects in the Local Deity block in Fig 2 and Table D in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>.</p

Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.

<p>Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.</p

90% credibility intervals of mean estimates for factors predicting achieved fertility (Model 1 in Table 2).

<p>Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative.</p

Mean estimates and 90% credibility intervals for the levels of moral concern, knowledge breadth, punishment, and self-reported devotional ritual frequency attributed to moralistic (<i>a</i>) and local (<i>b</i>) deities as a function of food security, years of formal education and number of children.

<p>These results hold participant sex and age constant. All values are from the results tables taken from the full models in Tables D-G in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>. The end points of histograms are mean estimates. We include them for easier visual comparison of relative direction and distance from zero. Narrower error bars indicate more precise estimates. Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative. Error bar symmetry around zero indicates no reliable effect; we found no evidence supporting any of the target predictions about religion.</p

Descriptive statistics of each field site.

<p>Descriptive statistics of each field site.</p