Finite-Size Scaling above the Upper Critical Dimension

Dans cette thèse on étudie les effets de taille finie au-dessus de la dimension critique supérieure d_c. Les effets de taille finie y ont longtemps été incomplètement compris, en particulier vis-à-vis de leur dépendance en fonction des conditions aux limites. La violation de la relation d’échelle dite d’hyperscaling a été l’un des aspects les plus évidents des difficultés rencontrées. Le désaccord avec le scaling usuel est dû au caractère de variable non pertinente dangereuse du terme de self-interaction dans la théorie en ϕ^4. Celle-ci était considérée comme dangereuse pour la densité d’énergie libre et les fonctions thermodynamiques associées, mais pas dans le secteur des corrélations. Récemment, un schéma nouveau de scaling a été proposé dans lequel la longueur de corrélation joue un rôle central et est également affectée par la variable non pertinente dangereuse. Ce nouveau schéma, appelé QFSS, est basé sur le fait que la longueur de corrélation exhibe au lieu du scaling usuel ξ~L un comportement en puissance de la taille finie ξ~L^ϙ. Ce pseudo-exposant critique ϙ est lié à la dimension critique supérieure et à la variable dangereuse. Au-dessous de d_c, cet exposant prend la valeur ϙ=1, mais au-dessus, il vaut ϙ=d/d_c. Le schéma QFSS est parvenu à réconcilier les exposants de champs moyen et le Finite-Size-Scaling tel que dérivé du Groupe de Renormalisation pour les modèles avec interactions à courte portée au-dessus de d_c en conditions aux limites périodiques. Si ϙ est un exposant universel, la validité de la théorie doit toutefois s’étendre également aux conditions de bords libres. Des tests initiaux dans de telles conditions ont mis en évidence de nouvelles difficultés: alors que le QFSS est valable au point pseudo-critique auquel les grandeurs thermodynamiques telles que la susceptibilité manifestent un pic à taille finie, au point critique on a pensé que c’était le FSS standard qui prévalait avec les exposants de champ moyen et ξ~L. On montre dans ce travail qu’il en va différemment de la situation au point critique et qu’à la place ce sont les exposants gaussiens qui s’appliquent en l’absence de variable non pertinente dangereuse. Pour mettre en évidence ce résultat, nous avons mené des simulations de modèles avec interactions à longue portée, qui peuvent être à volonté étudiés au-dessus de leur dimension critique supérieure. Nous avons aussi développé une étude des modes de Fourier qui permet de fournir des exemples de quantités non affectées par la présence de la variable non pertinente dangereuseIn this project finite-size size scaling above the upper critical dimension〖 d〗_c is investigated. Finite-size scaling there has long been poorly understood, especially its dependency on boundary conditions. The violation of the hyperscaling relation above d_c has also been one of the most visible issues. The breakdown in standard scaling is due to the dangerous irrelevant variables presented in the self-interacting term in the ϕ^4 theory, which were considered dangerous to the free energy density and associated thermodynamic functions, but not to the correlation sector. Recently, a modified finite-size scaling scheme has been proposed, which considers that the correlation length actually plays a pivotal role and is affected by dangerous variables too. This new scheme, named QFSS, considers that the correlation length, instead of having standard scaling behaviour ξ~L , scales as ξ~L^ϙ. This pseudocritical exponent is connected to the critical dimension and dangerous variables. Below d_c this exponent takes the value ϙ=1, but above the upper critical dimension it is ϙ=d/d_c. QFSS succeeded in reconciling the mean-field exponents and FSS derived from the renormalisation-group for the models with short-range interactions above d_c with periodic boundary conditions. If ϙ is an universal exponent, the validity of that theory should also hold for the free boundary conditions. Initial tests for such systems faced new problems. Whereas QFSS is valid at pseudocritical points where quantities such as the magnetic susceptibility experience a peak for finite systems, at critical points the standard FSS seemed to prevail, i.e., mean-field exponents with ξ~L. Here, we show that this last picture at critical point is not correct and instead the exponents that applied there actually arise from the Gaussian fixed-point FSS where the dangerous variables are suppressed. To achieve this aim, we study Ising models with long-range interaction, which can be tuned above〖 d〗_c, with periodic and free boundary conditions. We also include a study of the Fourier modes which can be used as an example of scaling quantities without dangerous variable

Generating demand responsive bus routes from social network data analysis

Acknowledgment The research reflected in this paper has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 770115.Peer reviewedPostprin

Role of Fourier Modes in Finite-Size Scaling above the Upper Critical Dimension

Renormalization-group theory stands, since over 40 years, as one of the pillars of modern physics. As such, there should be no remaining doubt regarding its validity. However, finite-size scaling, which derives from it, has long been poorly understood above the upper critical dimension $d_c$ in models with free boundary conditions. Besides its fundamental significance for scaling theories, the issue is important at a practical level because finite-size, statistical-physics systems, with free boundaries above $d_c$, are experimentally accessible with long-range interactions. Here we address the roles played by Fourier modes for such systems and show that the current phenomenological picture is not supported for all thermodynamic observables either with free or periodic boundaries. Instead, the correct picture emerges from a sector of the renormalization group hitherto considered unphysical.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Cluster Monte Carlo and dynamical scaling for long-range interactions

Many spin systems affected by critical slowing down can be efficiently simulated using cluster algorithms. Where such systems have long-range interactions, suitable formulations can additionally bring down the computational effort for each update from O($N^2$) to O($N\ln N$) or even O($N$), thus promising an even more dramatic computational speed-up. Here, we review the available algorithms and propose a new and particularly efficient single-cluster variant. The efficiency and dynamical scaling of the available algorithms are investigated for the Ising model with power-law decaying interactions.Comment: submitted to Eur. Phys. J Spec. Topic

Finite-size scaling above the upper critical dimension in Ising models with long-range interactions

The correlation length plays a pivotal role in finite-size scaling and hyperscaling at continuous phase transitions. Below the upper critical dimension, where the correlation length is proportional to the system length, both finite-size scaling and hyperscaling take conventional forms. Above the upper critical dimension these forms break down and a new scaling scenario appears. Here we investigate this scaling behaviour in one-dimensional Ising ferromagnets with long-range interactions. We show that the correlation length scales as a non-trivial power of the linear system size and investigate the scaling forms. For interactions of sufficiently long range, the disparity between the correlation length and the system length can be made arbitrarily large, while maintaining the new scaling scenarios. We also investigate the behavior of the correlation function above the upper critical dimension and the modifications imposed by the new scaling scenario onto the associated Fisher relation.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Measurement of the t-channel single top quark production cross section in pp collisions at √s =7 TeV

Peer reviewe

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI