14 research outputs found
Archaeological register of tell settlements in Hungary
This paper presents the results of a research project, which was launched in 1999 by the Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the ELTE. Our main goal was to create a register of Hungarian tell settlements. First we collected all available information on tell settlements from the archaeological literature and various museum archives. Following this preliminary data filtering, fifty of the initial 161 Neolithic sites and 116 of the 224 Bronze Age sites were classified as genuine tells or tell-like settlements. After that we determined the accurate location and co-ordinates of the sites using aerial photography called for the construction of a GIS database. The destruction (by erosion, by flood, etc.) of the tell settlements can be monitored virtually from one day to the other. In addition to a precise site condition assessment, the project yielded fresh information about settlement layouts, such as the presence of enclosures. At some sites, aerial photography was followed by a magnetometer survey.
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A KĂĄrpĂĄt-medence Ćskori kĂ©pĂ©t több mint mĂĄsfĂ©l Ă©vezreden ĂĄt a többrĂ©tegƱ telepĂŒlĂ©si halmok, azaz a tellek hatĂĄroztĂĄk meg. ElĆször a kĂ©sĆ neolitikumban, Kr. e. 5100/5000-tĂłl 4500/4400-ig a TiszaâHerpĂĄlyâCsĆszhalom kultĂșrĂĄk idejĂ©n, majd mintegy kĂ©tezer Ă©vvel kĂ©sĆbb, a korai Ă©s a közĂ©psĆ bronzkor idĆszakĂĄban, Kr. e. 2500â1500 között a nagyrĂ©vi, hatvani, ottomĂĄnyi Ă©s perjĂĄmosi kultĂșrĂĄk korĂĄban. Ez a dĂ©li eredetƱ telepĂŒlĂ©si forma kĂ©t Ăzben is itt Ă©rte el elterjedĂ©si terĂŒletĂ©nek Ă©szaki hatĂĄrĂĄt: a neolitikumban az alföldi folyĂłvidĂ©keken, a Tisza, Körös, BerettyĂł Ă©s Maros mentĂ©n talĂĄlhatĂłk a tellek, mĂg a bronzkorban mĂĄr a Duna közĂ©psĆ szakaszĂĄnak partjĂĄt is benĂ©pesĂtik (1. kĂ©p).
A magyarorszĂĄgi tellek â kĂŒlönösen a bronzkoriak â kutatĂĄsĂĄnak törtĂ©nete szinte egyidĆs a magyar ĆsrĂ©gĂ©szetĂ©vel; a XIX. szĂĄzad elsĆ Ă©vei Ăłta ismertek leleteik. ElsĆ bemutatĂĄsukra 1876-ban, a Budapesten megrendezett VIII. Nemzetközi ĆsrĂ©gĂ©szeti Ă©s AntropolĂłgiai Kongresszuson kerĂŒlt sor: a rĂ©sztvevĆk ellĂĄtogattak a tĂłszeg-laposhalmi tellhez, ahol bemutatĂł ĂĄsatĂĄson vehettek rĂ©szt.
Az 1876-os konferenciĂĄt követĆen a kĂ©t kĂŒlönbözĆ korszak azonos telepĂŒlĂ©stĂpusĂĄnak kutatĂĄsĂĄban az 1980-as Ă©s 1990-es Ă©vek elejĂ©n megrendezett nemzetközi kiĂĄllĂtĂĄsok Ă©s a hozzĂĄjuk kapcsolĂłdĂł katalĂłgusok (The Late Neolithic of the Tisza region; Bronzezeit in Ungarn. Forschungen in Tell-Siedlungen an Donau und TheiĂ) hoztak döntĆ vĂĄltozĂĄst. Mindezen kutatĂĄstörtĂ©neti elĆzmĂ©nyek ellenĂ©re mĂ©gsem ĂĄllt rendelkezĂ©sre olyan munka, amely a magyarorszĂĄgi tellek akĂĄrcsak rĂ©szleges, katalĂłgusszerƱ közlĂ©sĂ©t tartalmazta volna, jĂłllehet a telleket a MagyarorszĂĄgon hatĂĄlyos öröksĂ©gvĂ©delmi Ă©s termĂ©szetvĂ©delmi törvĂ©nyek kiemelten vĂ©dendĆ terĂŒletkĂ©nt hatĂĄrozzĂĄk meg.
KutatĂĄsi programunk ennek a hiĂĄnynak a megszĂŒntetĂ©se Ă©rdekĂ©ben indult 1999-ben, az ELTE BTK RĂ©gĂ©szettudomĂĄnyi IntĂ©zetĂ©nek kezdemĂ©nyezĂ©sĂ©re. CĂ©lunk a magyarorszĂĄgi tellek lehetĆ legteljesebb adatbĂĄzisĂĄnak lĂ©trehozĂĄsa volt.
A kataszter felĂ©pĂtĂ©sĂ©nek elsĆ lĂ©pĂ©sekĂ©nt a szakirodalombĂłl Ă©s a mĂșzeumi adattĂĄrakbĂłl felgyƱjtöttĂŒk a tellekre vonatkozĂł â akĂĄr csak csekĂ©ly forrĂĄsĂ©rtĂ©kkel is bĂrĂł â összes adatot. El kellett döntenĂŒnk, hogy mit tekintĂŒnk tellnek. A tell meghatĂĄrozĂĄsunk szerint legalĂĄbb kĂ©t rĂ©tegsorral rendelkezik, amelyek vastagsĂĄga valĂłdi tell esetĂ©ben 2,5â4 m (a bronzkori telleknĂ©l alacsonyabb Ă©rtĂ©kek is elĆfordulnak), mĂg a tellszerƱeknĂ©l 1â2,5 m. Az adatfelvĂ©tel Ʊrlapok segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel törtĂ©nt, elĆre egyeztetett szempontok alapjĂĄn. Az adatgyƱjtĂ©s ezen elsĆ szakasza utĂĄn kiĂ©rtĂ©keltĂŒk eredmĂ©nyeinket. MĂĄr ekkor kiderĂŒlt, hogy egy adott lelĆhely sokszor tĂ©vesen szerepel tellkĂ©nt, vagy egy adott tell több nĂ©ven is ismert. E szƱrĂ©s utĂĄn az eredeti 161 neolit lelĆhely közĂŒl ötvenrĆl bizonyosodott be, hogy tell vagy tellszerƱ, mĂg a 224 bronzkori lelĆhely közĂŒl 116-rĂłl tudtuk ugyanezt igazolni. VilĂĄgosan kirajzolĂłdott az ĂșjkĆkori telepĂŒlĂ©si struktĂșra hĂĄromszintƱ szervezĆdĂ©se: makroregionĂĄlis szinten a TiszaâHerpĂĄlyâCsĆszhalom kultĂșrĂĄk elterjedĂ©si terĂŒletĂ©nek Ă©szaki rĂ©szĂ©n csak egyrĂ©tegƱ telepek fordulnak elĆ (kivĂ©ve PolgĂĄr-CsĆszhalom telljĂ©t), mĂg dĂ©len telleket Ă©s egyrĂ©tegƱ telepeket egyarĂĄnt ismerĂŒnk. MikroregionĂĄlis szinten a DĂ©l-Alföldön figyelhetĆ meg az a jelensĂ©g, hogy egy-egy központi szerepƱ, nagyobb tellt kisebb, horizontĂĄlis telepek sora vesz körĂŒl. VĂ©gĂŒl egy adott lelĆhely szintjĂ©n a tell Ă©s a horizontĂĄlis telepĂŒlĂ©srĂ©sz egyĂŒttesen alkotja a lelĆhelyet, a kĂ©t struktĂșrĂĄt gyakran ĂĄrok is elkĂŒlönĂti egymĂĄstĂłl. A bronzkori ottomĂĄnyi Ă©s hatvani kultĂșrĂĄk esetĂ©ben hasonlĂł hĂĄrmas telepĂŒlĂ©si szerkezet figyelhetĆ meg. Mindegyik kultĂșra esetĂ©ben talĂĄltunk adatot földvĂĄr vagy nyĂlt, egyrĂ©tegƱ telep meglĂ©tĂ©re is. Ezek arĂĄnya a tellekhez kĂ©pest vĂĄltozĂł; a vatyai kultĂșrĂĄban pĂ©ldĂĄul magasnak tƱnik, a nagyrĂ©vi Ă©s hatvani kultĂșrĂĄkban viszont rendkĂvĂŒl alacsonynak.
HelyszĂni szemlĂ©re a magas költsĂ©gek Ă©s a tellek nagy szĂĄma miatt sajnos nem kerĂŒlhetett sor, ezĂ©rt ĂĄllapotuk felmĂ©rĂ©sĂ©re a ferde tengelyƱ lĂ©gi fĂ©nykĂ©pezĂ©s mĂłdszerĂ©t vĂĄlasztottuk. Ehhez a munkĂĄhoz szĂŒksĂ©g volt tĂ©rinformatikai azonosĂtĂĄsukra is.
MostanĂĄig összesen ötven tell fölött sikerĂŒlt repĂŒlĂ©st vĂ©geznĂŒnk. PusztulĂĄsuk szinte naprĂłl-napra nyomon követhetĆ. Ebben talĂĄn a legnagyobb szerepet az egyre intenzĂvebb mezĆgazdasĂĄgi termelĂ©s okozta erĂłziĂł jĂĄtssza (pl. TĂĄpĂ©-LebĆ: 2. kĂ©p, MaklĂĄr-Baglyas: 3. kĂ©p). HasonlĂł kĂĄrokat okozhat az ĂĄrvizek partrombolĂł hatĂĄsa Ă©s az ezzel kapcsolatos ĂĄrvĂzi vĂ©dekezĆ munkĂĄlatok. TĂłszeg-Laposhalom esetĂ©ben a 2001-es nagy tiszai ĂĄrvĂz idejĂ©n pĂ©ldĂĄul gĂĄtat Ă©pĂtettek a halom testĂ©be, a falut megvĂ©dendĆ (4. kĂ©p). KorĂĄbban ugyanez törtĂ©nt BĂ©kĂ©s-PovĂĄd neolit telljĂ©vel is: itt a Körös-gĂĄtba Ă©pĂtettĂ©k bele a halmot. Az sem ritka, hogy a telleken falvak telepĂŒlnek meg, vagy kĂŒlönbözĆ lĂ©tesĂtmĂ©nyeket Ă©pĂtenek rajtuk â SzegvĂĄr-TƱzkövesen pĂ©ldĂĄul silĂł Ă©pĂŒlt (5. kĂ©p).
Az ĂĄllapotfelmĂ©rĂ©sen tĂșl munkĂĄnknak tudomĂĄnyos jelentĆsĂ©ge is van. Neolit Ă©s bronzkori tellek esetĂ©ben egyarĂĄnt sikerĂŒlt igazolni a korĂĄbban csak nĂ©hĂĄny lelĆhelynĂ©l ismert körĂĄrkos struktĂșrĂĄkat â pĂ©ldĂĄul BerettyĂłszentmĂĄrton-KorhĂĄny, PolgĂĄr-CsĆszhalom (6. kĂ©p), JĂĄszdĂłzsa-KĂĄpolnahalom (7. kĂ©p), EsztĂĄr-Fenyvespart Ă©s TĂșrkeve-Terehalom esetĂ©ben.
Ărdekes összefĂŒggĂ©sre vilĂĄgĂtott rĂĄ az Alföld Ă©szaki peremvidĂ©kĂ©n talĂĄlhatĂł bronzkori földvĂĄrak pĂĄrhuzamosan folyĂł vizsgĂĄlata. Ezek egy rĂ©szĂ©nĂ©l (pl. EmĆd-Nagyhalom) a lĂ©gi fĂ©nykĂ©pezĂ©sek alapjĂĄn a földsĂĄnc lĂ©te nem igazolhatĂł, viszont impozĂĄns körĂĄrkuk rĂ©vĂ©n a tellek közĂ© is besorolhatĂłk. HasonlĂł megfigyelĂ©st tettĂŒnk a korĂĄbban földvĂĄrkĂ©nt meghatĂĄrozott BoconĂĄd esetĂ©ben (8. kĂ©p), amely valĂłjĂĄban szĂ©les ĂĄrokkal vagy ĂĄrkokkal övezett bronzkori tell.
A tellek egy rĂ©sze ugyanakkor földvĂĄrnak is tekinthetĆ (BerettyĂłĂșjfalu-HerpĂĄly-FöldvĂĄr), vagyis a kĂ©t telepĂŒlĂ©si tĂpus az Alföldön Ă©s a csatlakozĂł terĂŒleteken nem vĂĄlaszthatĂł el egymĂĄstĂłl.
NĂ©hĂĄny tell esetĂ©ben a lĂ©gi felvĂ©telezĂ©sek kiegĂ©szĂŒltek magnetomĂ©teres felmĂ©rĂ©sekkel â pĂ©ldĂĄul PolgĂĄr-CsĆszhalom, BerettyĂłĂșjfalu-HerpĂĄly (9. kĂ©p) Ă©s legĂșjabban PolgĂĄr-BosnyĂĄkdomb lelĆhelyeken.
Az eddig elvĂ©gzett munka csak egy hosszĂș Ășt elsĆ nĂ©hĂĄny lĂ©pĂ©sekĂ©nt Ă©rtĂ©kelhetĆ. Minden esetben szĂŒksĂ©g lenne helyszĂni szemlĂ©re, rĂ©tegtisztĂĄzĂł fĂșrĂĄsokra. BĂĄr illuzĂłrikus lenne minden tellen ĂĄsatĂĄst tervezni (a bronzkoriak közĂŒl 98 helyszĂnen kerĂŒlt sor kisebb-nagyobb feltĂĄrĂĄsra), nĂ©hĂĄny kĂŒlönösen indokolt esetben mĂ©gis szĂŒksĂ©ges lesz azt elvĂ©gezni. RemĂ©ljĂŒk, hogy mĂ©g a tellek vĂ©gleges eltƱnĂ©se elĆtt be tudjuk fejezni munkĂĄnkat
5000 years of dietary variations of prehistoric farmers in the Great Hungarian Plain
<div><p>The development of farming was a catalyst for the evolution of the human diet from the varied subsistence practices of hunter-gatherers to the more globalised food economy we depend upon today. Although there has been considerable research into the dietary changes associated with the initial spread of farming, less attention has been given to how dietary choices continued to develop during subsequent millennia. A paleogenomic time transect for 5 millennia of human occupation in the Great Hungarian Plain spanning from the advent of the Neolithic to the Iron Age, showed major genomic turnovers. Here we assess where these genetic turnovers are associated with corresponding dietary shifts, by examining the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of 52 individuals. Results provide evidence that early Neolithic individuals, which were genetically characterised as Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, relied on wild resources to a greater extent than those whose genomic attributes were of typical Neolithic European farmers. Other Neolithic individuals and those from the Copper Age to Bronze Age periods relied mostly on terrestrial C<sub>3</sub> plant resources. We also report a carbon isotopic ratio typical of C<sub>4</sub> plants, which may indicate millet consumption in the Late Bronze Age, despite suggestions of the cropâs earlier arrival in Europe during the Neolithic.</p></div
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data of human and faunal bone collagen from the GHP.
<p>Both human and fauna isotopic data are represented by mean isotopic values (standard deviation ±1Ï indicated by bars). Domesticated and wild fauna belongs to Early/Middle Neolithic and Copper Age periods, and combined with published data [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>]. Human results from this study were also combined with previous published data in the GHP [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>]. E. Neolithic* represent mean values of Körös TiszaszĆlĆs-DomahĂĄza site.</p
5000 years of dietary variations of prehistoric farmers in the Great Hungarian Plain - Fig 3
<p><b>Boxplot showing the (A) ÎŽ</b><sup><b>13</b></sup><b>C and (B) ÎŽ</b><sup><b>15</b></sup><b>N values of human samples from Early Neolithic to Early Iron Age</b>. Human isotopic values were combined with previous published data on the GHP from Early [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>], Middle [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>] and Late Neolithic [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>], together with Early and Middle Copper Ages [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>]. Genetic affinities are based on [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>]. The dots within the boxes represent individual values of the samples; the horizontal line within the box represents the median value; the vertical lines represent the range of data.</p
Summary of the prehistoric time periods and their associated cultures and subsistence practices in the Great Hungarian Plain.
<p>Summary of the prehistoric time periods and their associated cultures and subsistence practices in the Great Hungarian Plain.</p
Site information of human samples used in this study from Mesolithic to Early Iron Age.
<p>Site information of human samples used in this study from Mesolithic to Early Iron Age.</p
Map showing the location of sites analysed in the study.
<p>Generic Mapping Tools 4.5.13 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>] and the topographic ETOPO data set [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>] was used to create this map.</p
Results of pairwise comparisons of ÎŽ<sup>15</sup>Nâ° values between human samples from different time periods (E = Early; M = Middle; L = Late).
<p>Results of pairwise comparisons of ÎŽ<sup>15</sup>Nâ° values between human samples from different time periods (E = Early; M = Middle; L = Late).</p
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data of human bone collagen from the GHP.
<p>Individual human results from this study (represented by highlighted symbols) were also combined with previously published data in the GHP [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref025" target="_blank">25</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0197214#pone.0197214.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>]. E. Neolithic* represent mean values of the Körös TiszaszĆlĆs-DomahĂĄza site.</p
Results of pairwise comparisons of ÎŽ<sup>13</sup>C â° values between human samples from different time periods (E = Early; M = Middle; L = Late).
<p>Results of pairwise comparisons of ÎŽ<sup>13</sup>C â° values between human samples from different time periods (E = Early; M = Middle; L = Late).</p