Transfusión autologa : Principales características

43 p.Son muchas las situaciones clínicas que requieren como tratamiento la transfusión de sangre, pero la tendencia mundial apunta a restringir en lo posible su uso, teniendo presente que este es un procedimiento que no está exento de riesgos. Una de las alternativas a la transfusión alogénica es la autotransfusión o transfusión autóloga de sangre. La autotransfusión consiste en extraer, conservar y reinfundir la propia sangre a individuos en determinadas condiciones clínicas, en donde el donante es también el receptor. La autotransfusión ha comenzado a tomar fuerza como terapia de primera elección, por sobre las transfusiones alogénicas, al momento de evaluar los beneficios por sobre los riesgos. En esta revisión se abordaron las principales modalidades de transfusión autóloga: Donación por pre depósito, hemodilución intraoperatoria y rescate intraoperatorio. Para cada una se revisaron las técnicas, procedimientos, ventajas, desventajas y manejo de pacientes autotransfundidos. Para la realización de esta revisión bibliográfica, se utilizaron diversas fuentes de información, principalmente actualización en revistas de bases de datos ISI y SciELO vía Pubmed

Deterioration of willow seeds during storage

Willow (Salix spp.) seeds are able to tolerate desiccation, but differ from typical orthodox seeds in that they lose viability in a few days at room temperature, and in that the chloroplasts in embryo tissues do not dedifferentiate during maturation drying, thus retaining chlorophyll and maintaining intact their thylakoid membranes. In the present study, we investigated the damage generated in willow seeds during storage under appropriate conditions to exclude the eventual generation of reactive oxygen species by photooxidation. To this end, we measured different indicators of molecular damage, such as changes in the fatty acid profile, protein degradation, nuclease activities, and DNA damage, and evaluated normal germination and total germination in seeds stored for one, ten and sixteen years. We found: (i) a decrease in the fraction of unsaturated fatty acids; (ii) changes in the protein profile due to a decrease in protein solubility; (iii) activation of nucleases; and (iv) DNA fragmentation. Taken together, our findings identified programmed cell death as a key mechanism in seed deterioration during storage. We also found that, although the seeds maintained high percentages of total germination, the death program had already started in the seeds stored for ten years and was more advanced in those stored for sixteen years.Fil: Lopez Fernandez, Maria Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Moyano, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Correa, María Daniela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Vasile, Franco Emanuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Industrias Alimentarias; ArgentinaFil: Burrieza, Hernán Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Maldonado, Sara Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentin

Mammalian Keratin Associated Proteins (KRTAPs) Subgenomes: Disentangling Hair Diversity and Adaptation to Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

Background: Adaptation of mammals to terrestrial life was facilitated by the unique vertebrate trait of body hair, which occurs in a range of morphological patterns. Keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs), the major structural hair shaft proteins, are largely responsible for hair variation. Results: We exhaustively characterized the KRTAP gene family in 22 mammalian genomes, confirming the existence of 30 KRTAP subfamilies evolving at different rates with varying degrees of diversification and homogenization. Within the two major classes of KRTAPs, the high cysteine (HS) subfamily experienced strong concerted evolution, high rates of gene conversion/recombination and high GC content. In contrast, high glycine-tyrosine (HGT) KRTAPs showed evidence of positive selection and low rates of gene conversion/recombination. Species with more hair and of higher complexity tended to have more KRATP genes (gene expansion). The sloth, with long and coarse hair, had the most KRTAP genes (175 with 141 being intact). By contrast, the hairless dolphin had 35 KRTAPs and the highest pseudogenization rate (74% relative to the 19% mammalian average). Unique hair-related phenotypes, such as scales (armadillo) and spines (hedgehog), were correlated with changes in KRTAPs. Gene expression variation probably also influences hair diversification patterns, for example human have an identical KRTAP repertoire as apes, but much less hair. Conclusions: We hypothesize that differences in KRTAP gene repertoire and gene expression, together with distinct rates of gene conversion/recombination, pseudogenization and positive selection, are likely responsible for micro and macro-phenotypic hair diversification among mammals in response to adaptations to ecological pressures

Positive Selection Linked with Generation of Novel Mammalian Dentition Patterns

A diverse group of genes are involved in the tooth development of mammals. Several studies, focused mainly on mice and rats, have provided a detailed depiction of the processes coordinating tooth formation and shape. Here we surveyed 236 tooth-associated genes in 39 mammalian genomes and tested for signatures of selection to assess patterns of molecular adaptation in genes regulating mammalian dentition. Of the 236 genes, 31 (∼13.1%) showed strong signatures of positive selection that may be responsible for the phenotypic diversity observed in mammalian dentition. Mammalian-specific tooth-associated genes had accelerated mutation rates compared with older genes found across all vertebrates. More recently evolved genes had fewer interactions (either genetic or physical), were associated with fewer Gene Ontology terms and had faster evolutionary rates compared with older genes. The introns of these positively selected genes also exhibited accelerated evolutionary rates, which may reflect additional adaptive pressure in the intronic regions that are associated with regulatory processes that influence tooth-gene networks. The positively selected genes were mainly involved in processes like mineralization and structural organization of tooth specific tissues such as enamel and dentin. Of the 236 analyzed genes, 12 mammalian-specific genes (younger genes) provided insights on diversification of mammalian teeth as they have higher evolutionary rates and exhibit different expression profiles compared with older genes. Our results suggest that the evolution and development of mammalian dentition occurred in part through positive selection acting on genes that previously had other functions

Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad (IMIN) en adultos peruanos

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad (IMIN) en adultos peruanos. Para ello se obtuvo una muestra de más de 500 participantes voluntarios, de ambos sexos, con edades que oscilan entre 18 y 65 años, elegidos a través de un muestreo no probabilístico. De acuerdo con las evidencias de validez basada en estructura interna, mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE), se obtuvo el % de la varianza por cada factor, estableciéndose una estructura interna de 3 factores, en donde el factor 1 explica el 28.4% de la varianza; seguido del factor 2 con un 24.9% de la varianza; por último, el factor 3 con un 17.8% de la varianza. Detallando así, el 71.2% de la varianza total explicada. Con respecto a la confiabilidad a través del método por consistencia interna, el instrumento obtuvo un coeficiente Alfa y Omega encontrándose valores entre .905 y .982 para sus dimensiones. Finalmente se concluye que el inventario en mención posee adecuadas propiedades de validez y confiablidad que demuestran su utilidad al momento de evaluar la infidelidad en nuestro contexto

Whole genome identification, phylogeny and evolution of the cytochrome P450 family 2 (CYP2) sub-families in birds

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily defends organisms from endogenous and noxious environmental compounds, and thus is crucial for survival. However, beyond mammals the molecular evolution of CYP2 subfamilies is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the CYP2 family across 48 avian whole genomes representing all major extant bird clades. Overall,12 CYP2 subfamilies were identified, including the first description of the CYP2F, CYP2G, and several CYP2AF genes in avian genomes. Some of the CYP2 genes previously described as being lineage-specific, such as CYP2K and CYP2W, are ubiquitous to all avian groups. Furthermore, we identified a large number of CYP2J copies, which have been associated previously with water reabsorption. We detected positive selection in the avian CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2H, CYP2J, CYP2K, and CYP2AC subfamilies. Moreover, we identified new substrate recognition sites (SRS0, SRS2_SRS3, and SRS3.1) and heme binding areas that influence CYP2 structure and function of functional importance as under significant positive selection. Some of the positively selected sites in avian CYP2D are located within the same SRS1 region that was previously linked with the metabolism of plant toxins.Additionally,we find that selective constraint variations in some avian CYP2 subfamilies are consistently associated with different feeding habits (CYP2H and CYP2J), habitats (CYP2D, CYP2H, CYP2J, and CYP2K), and migratory behaviors (CYP2D, CYP2H, and CYP2J). Overall, our findings indicate that there has been active enzyme site selection on CYP2 subfamilies and differential selection associated with different life history traits among birds

The Vertebrate TLR Supergene Family Evolved Dynamically by Gene Gain/Loss and Positive Selection Revealing a Host–Pathogen Arms Race in Birds

The vertebrate toll-like receptor (TLRs) supergene family is a first-line immune defense against viral and non-viral pathogens. Here, comparative evolutionary-genomics of 79 vertebrate species (8 mammals, 48 birds, 11 reptiles, 1 amphibian, and 11 fishes) revealed differential gain/loss of 26 TLRs, including 6 (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR14, TLR21, and TLR22) that originated early in vertebrate evolution before the diversification of Agnatha and Gnathostomata. Subsequent dynamic gene gain/loss led to lineage-specific diversification with TLR repertoires ranging from 8 subfamilies in birds to 20 in fishes. Lineage-specific loss of TLR8-9 and TLR13 in birds and gains of TLR6 and TLR10-12 in mammals and TLR19-20 and TLR23-27 in fishes. Among avian species, 5–10% of the sites were under positive selection (PS) (omega 1.5–2.5) with radical amino-acid changes likely affecting TLR structure/functionality. In non-viral TLR4 the 20 PS sites (posterior probability PP \u3e 0.99) likely increased ability to cope with diversified ligands (e.g., lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic). For viral TLR7, 23 PS sites (PP \u3e 0.99) possibly improved recognition of highly variable viral ssRNAs. Rapid evolution of the TLR supergene family reflects the host–pathogen arms race and the coevolution of ligands/receptors, which follows the premise that birds have been important vectors of zoonotic pathogens and reservoirs for viruses

Finishing lambs using an integral feed under a restricted-feeding program in an intensive production system in Northern Mexico

The objective of this study was to compare the productive performance of finishing lambs using an integral diet under a restricted-feeding program. Ten Dorper lambs were assigned to two homogenous groups according to live weight and age under a complete randomised block design. Group 1 was fed a traditional diet commonly used by the producer and group 2 was fed an integral feed restricted to 75% of dry matter requirement of lambs. The evaluated variables were: dry matter intake, initial and final live weight, daily weight gain, feed efficiency and body growth expressed in height, body length, thoracic diameter, cane length and cane width. A partial cost analysis was carried out to evaluate the economic viability. Lambs fed with the integral feed had better feed efficiency, higher dry matter intake, daily weight gain, height, body length and thoracic diameter when compared with the lambs fed the traditional diet. The use of an integral feed under a restricted-feeding program reduced the cost of finishing lambs by 2.46 dollars per head and finishing length by 120 days. Overall, providing an integral feed under a restricted-feeding program is a viable alternative for improving finishing lambs under intensive conditions in the Northern Mexico

Análisis de metodologías para formación de conductores inexpertos en percepción del peligro: carreteras de montaña

This article presents the application of three methodologies that seek to improve the hazard perception by inexperienced drivers on mountain roads. The methodologies apply training through feedback based on photographs, short videos, and simulation of real tours. The scenarios of the three methodologies were first evaluated with the iRAP methodology and these results were compared with the hazard perception perceived by inexperienced drivers. The iRAP methodology rates roads from 1 to 5 stars with 1 being the most hazardous and 5 being the safest. The three training groups underwent an initial evaluation, then a feedback training process, and finally a final evaluation. The photo application improved the hazard perception on safer roads (3 to 4 stars). Through videos, women reacted better to training in the perception of danger on more dangerous roads (1 to 2 stars). When applying simulation of real routes, no improvements were obtained in the hazard perception. It can be concluded that the application of photographs and videos are valid, but it is necessary to reinforce the training of inexperienced drivers to identify elements that instigate hazard on mountain roads.El artículo presenta la aplicación de tres metodologías que buscan mejorar la percepción del peligro de conductores inexpertos en carreteras de montaña, mediante retroalimentación basada en fotografías, videos cortos y simulación de recorridos reales. Los escenarios de las tres metodologías se evaluaron con la metodología iRAP y estos resultados se compararon con la percepción del peligro percibida por los conductores inexpertos. La metodología iRAP califica las carreteras de 1 a 5 estrellas, donde 1 es la más peligrosa y 5 es la más segura. A tres grupos en formación se les aplicó una evaluación inicial, luego un proceso de formación mediante retroalimentación y, finalmente, una evaluación final. La aplicación de fotografías mejoró la percepción del peligro en carreteras más seguras (3 a 4 estrellas). Mediante videos, las mujeres reaccionaron mejor a la formación en percepción del peligro en carreteras más peligrosas (1 a 2 estrellas). Al aplicar simulación de recorridos reales, no hubo mejoras en la percepción del peligro. Se concluye que la aplicación de fotografías y videos son válidos, pero es preciso reforzar la formación de los conductores inexpertos para identificar elementos instigadores de riesgo en carreteras de montaña