Physicochemical characterization of olive oil mill wastewaters samples collected from four different oil mills located in the Meknès-Tafilalt region of Morocco

The purpose of this study is to realize a physico-chemical complete characterization of the olive oil mill wastewaters and metals mill contents in these last one. For this, samples were obtained from four oil mills (press  system  and three phase system) located in the Meknes-Tafilalet region (Oued El Jadida Maya, Rabat road and Sidi Bouzekri) in  Morocco, between November and Mars in the olive period of 2014-2015 . The composition of the OOMW changes significantly for each factory. The results  of the physicochemical analyzes showed that all the samples of olive oil mill wastewaters have an acidic pH whose mean value is between (5.22 and 5.75) and that the conductivity values vary due to the addition of salt during storage before grinding olives. The OOMW are rich in organic matter .They are measured by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand BOD5. The average BOD5, COD, polyphenols and biodegradability vary according to the extraction process.

Numerical study of electrical characteristics of conjugated polymer light-emitting diodes

Conjugated polymers now provide a class of processible, film-forming semiconductors and metals. In this work, the electronic properties of polymer lightemitting diodes devices are numerically studied. Our results show how an insulating buffer layer with suitable thickness decreases the barrier height at the cathode and therefore increases the electron injection. We also discuss the effects from persistent charged traps

Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane for nitrate removal: performance study and economic evaluation

Contamination of water with nitrates is a global problem that poses a serious threat to human health. In Morocco, a country characterized by limited water resources, groundwater accounts for almost 32% of total resources. However, 6% of these water resources are estimated to have nitrate levels greater than 50 mg / L, the level recommended by the world health organization for drinking water (WHO) and in some areas of high agricultural activity the nitrate content exceeds 250 mg / L.In the first part of this study, the efficiency of two commercial membranes, Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration membranes (Dow-FilmTec) is experimentally compared and assessed for nitrate removal by using real brackish water, containing 850-1100 mg/l of total dissolved solids (TDS) and 119-130 mg/l of nitrate. To accomplish this goal, the influence of operating conditions (pressure, recovery rate) on nitrate removal is discussed. The salt rejection from each membranes and the energy consumption are also calculated to choose the best membrane for nitrate removal and drinking water production. The pilot used in this study (supplied by the French company TIA) is an industrial pilot plant having two modules equipped with various spiral commercial membranes with an area of  7.6 m². The second part of this study estimates the total cost of the produced water by the application of the two studied membranes (NF and RO) for a plant of nitrate removal having a capacity of production of 2400 m3/d (100 m3/h) corresponding to a water consumption for 50000 capita following the Moroccan standards in rural medium. The design of the plant was carried out based on the experimental results from the first part of the study corresponding to a recovery rate of 83% and 10 bars of pressure. Technically and economically, the work shows that in this case, the NF process appears more suitable than the RO for nitrate removal.

Generation of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide from the sodium sulphate salt by electro-electrodialysis (EED)

Abstract: The electro-electrodialysis process (EED) is used to generate H 2 SO 4 and NaOH from sulphate sodium salt Na 2 SO 4 . The key phenomenon limiting the current efficiency of this process is the proton leakage through the anion selective membrane was not observed. The electro-electrodialysis was carried out with a three-compartment cell with two platinum-coated titanium electrodes separated by three compartments. The couple membrane used in this work is AFN and CMX. The experiments were carried out for four current densities 8.33 mA.cm -2 11.11mA.cm -2 , 13.88mA.cm -2 and 27.77 mA.cm -2 . For each current density, a voltage variation of cell and concentrations of H 2 SO 4 and NaOH in the two compartments with the current density was used. The concentration of H 2 SO 4 and NaOH increases with current density and with time, but higher for NaOH. The current efficiency increases with the current applied to the cell. The request for the electro-electrodialysis operation power was calculated in terms of the electrical energy consumed to produce H 2 SO 4 and NaOH for 6 hours of electro-electrodialysis and it was found floating with the current applied and concentration sodium sulphate used and the concentration of H 2 SO 4 and NaOH products, but is comparable for both initial concentrations of sodium sulfate

North-South relations : the case of the euro-Mediterranean partnership

Lors du sommet extraordinaire qui s’est déroulé à Barcelone en novembre 1995, vingt-cinq pays de l’Union Européenne et douze pays méditerranéens ont décidé de lancer un partenariat global euro-méditerranéen, l’idée des partenaires étant d’arriver à tourner une page de rupture qui a marqué les relations entre les deux rives pendant plusieurs années. En effet, ce pont, érigé sur une mer où, de part et d’autre, on assiste à un nombre croissant de tensions et de conflits, a constitué l’unique enceinte de dialogue et d’échanges entre les États du bassin méditerranéen. Malgré la domination des Européens en matière de décisions, ce choix demeure inéluctable pour le bon voisinage dans la région.Toute fois, sans un réel engagement de la part des deux partenaires méditerranéens, notamment la forte implication de l’Union Européenne pour construire un véritable projet d’intégration régionale, le processus euro-méditerranéen risque de se trouver dans la corbeille de l’histoire humaine.At the time of the extraordinary summit which proceeded in Barcelona in November 1995, twenty-five countries of the European Union and twelve Mediterranean countries decided to launch a euro-Mediterranean total partnership, the idea of the partners being to manage to turn a page of rupture which marked the relations between two banks during several years. Indeed, this bridge, set up on a sea where, on both sides, one attends a growing number of tensions and conflicts, constituted the single enclosure of dialogue and exchanges between the States of the Mediterranean basin. In spite of the domination of Europeans as regards decisions, this choice remains inescapable for the good neighborhood in the area. Any time, without a real engagement on behalf of the two Mediterranean partners, in particular the strong implication of the European Union to build a true project of regional integration, the euro-Mediterranean process is likely to be in the basket of the human history

Synthese et caracterisation d'une membrane bifonctionnelle : etude de la diffusion des electrolytes a travers des membranes echangeuses d'ions

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Influence of the nature of cation on water splitting at the interface of a cation exchange membrane during electrodialysis

The phenomenon of water splitting occuring at the interface of a Selemion CMV cation exchange membrane in contact with solutions containing successively monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations was investigated. Under identical hydrodynamic conditions, this investigation is based on recording j-V curves, measurement of transport numbers and pH variations. Water splitting is not a direct consequence of concentration polarization phenomenon. The cation nature and especially its acidic character is an important parameter which explains the difference in the behavior of the Selemion CMV membrane in contact with solutions of different cations

Empirical Studies on Software Product Maintainability Prediction: A Systematic Mapping and Review

Background: Software product maintainability prediction (SPMP) is an important task to control software maintenance activity, and many SPMP techniques for improving software maintainability have been proposed. In this study, we performed a systematic mapping and review on SPMP studies to analyze and summarize the empirical evidence on the prediction accuracy of SPMP techniques in current research. Objective: The objective of this study is twofold: (1) to classify SPMP studies reported in the literature using the following criteria: publication year, publication source, research type, empirical approach, software application type, datasets, independent variables used as predictors, dependent variables (e.g. how maintainability is expressed in terms of the variable to be predicted), tools used to gather the predictors, the successful predictors and SPMP techniques, (2) to analyze these studies from three perspectives: prediction accuracy, techniques reported to be superior in comparative studies and accuracy comparison of these techniques. Methodology: We performed a systematic mapping and review of the SPMP empirical studies published from 2000 up to 2018 based on an automated search of nine electronic databases. Results: We identified 82 primary studies and classified them according to the above criteria. The mapping study revealed that most studies were solution proposals using a history-based empirical evaluation approach, the datasets most used were historical using object-oriented software applications, maintainability in terms of the independent variable to be predicted was most frequently expressed in terms of the number of changes made to the source code, maintainability predictors most used were those provided by Chidamber and Kemerer (C&K), Li and Henry (L&H) and source code size measures, while the most used techniques were ML techniques, in particular artificial neural networks. Detailed analysis revealed that fuzzy & neuro fuzzy (FNF), artificial neural network (ANN) showed good prediction for the change topic, while multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), and group method of data handling (GMDH) techniques presented greater accuracy prediction in comparative studies. Based on our findings SPMP is still limited. Developing more accurate techniques may facilitate their use in industry and well-formed, generalizable results be obtained. We also provide guidelines for improving the maintainability of software

Optimization of the deficit irrigation management for strawberry production in the Loukkos region

The Moroccan red fruit sector has undergone remarkable development over the last decade, driven by the increase in demand from international markets and promoted by the national agricultural strategy. However, this development calls for the sustainability of water resources, especially in the current context of climate change which makes the future availability of water uncertain. In this sense, deficit irrigation (DI) is one of the promising techniques to improve the efficiency of crop water use. Strawberry is one of the most sensitive red fruits to water deficit. Sufficient and correct irrigation is critical to successful production. Therefore, growers often bring in quantities that exceed the needs of the crop, especially in areas where the cost of water is relatively negligible. In this paper, we studied the response of the two strawberry varieties (Sabrina, Victory) to four water treatments ranging from 50% to 125% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The two varieties differed significantly in yield and water consumption, with significant reductions in yield under DI treatments (50%ETc) for Sabrina. However, the fully irrigated treatment (100% ETc), and the DI treatments (75% and 50% ETc) did not show significant differences in yield for Victory