<i>Artocarpus treculianus</i> Elmer.

(A) Tree. (B) Staminate inflorescences. (C) Staminate flowers, top view. (D) Staminate flowers, side view. (E). Pistillate inflorescences and stipules. (E) Pistillate flowers, top view. (G) Pistillate flowers, side view. (H) Syncarps and leaves. (I) Syncarp surface. (J) Cross-section of syncarp. (K) Syncarps and leaves of a tree from Batan Island. (L). A branch from a mature tree (left) and a seedling (right). (M) Variation of leaf shapes. Except for (K), all other photographs were taken in Taiwan. A, B, E, H, & L taken by K.-F. Chung, C, D, F, G, I, J, & M by C.-L. Hsieh, and K by D. N. Tandang.</p

Variation in staminate inflorescences in <i>Artocarpus treculianus</i>.

These staminate inflorescences all fell from a single tree planted on the campus of Academia Sinica, Taipei (CCR089) and gathered in June 1, 2022. Taken by K.-F. Chung.</p

List of literature of the Taiwanese ‘breadfruit’ and the misused scientific names.

(PDF)</p

Maps of Taiwan and the Philippines and sampling localities of Taiwanese <i>Artocarpus</i>.

In the sampling map, the traditional distribution range of Amis people [21] is highlighted in light blue. Dark blue circles denote sampling localities of ‘breadfruit’ (i.e., Artocarpus treculianus) originating from Pacilo (i.e., eastern Taiwan), while light blue circles denote sampling localities of ‘breadfruit’ originating from Cipoho (i.e., Lanyu). ‘Breadfruit’ samples collected from the traditional territories of Amis and Yami are also bold-faced. The samples and sampling localities of non ‘breadfruit’ Artocarpus are shown in red. See Table 1 for detailed sampling information. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license.</p

Sampling information of <i>Artocarpus</i> species of Taiwan.

Sampling information of Artocarpus species of Taiwan.</p

Comparison between ASTRAL trees reconstructed based on exon (A) and supercontig (B) datasets.

Samples collected in present study and A. treculianus complex are shown in colors, with samples of non ‘breadfruit’ Artocarpus in red, Philippine A. treculianus in green, Cipoho grade in light blue, and Pacilo clade in dark blue. Sample names of ‘breadfruit’ collected from the traditional territory of Amis and Lanyu are bold-faced. Node labels denote posterior probabilities that are not 1.00. A simplified cladogram is shown in C. CY: Chiayi; HL: Hualien; PT: Pingtung; TC: Taichung; TP: Taipei; TT: Taitung. See Table 1 for other abbreviations.</p

<i>Artocarpus altilis</i> (Parkinson) Fosberg.

(A) Pistillate and staminate inflorescences. (B) Staminate inflorescence. (C) Fallen staminate inflorescences. (D) Syncarp surface. (E) Leaf. (F) Cross-section of syncarp. (G) Syncarp. (H) Tree (AaCCR200) planted on the campus of National Pingtung University (NPTU). (I) Uru planted on the campus of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. All photographs except for (I) was taken from tree planted in NPTU. A–C & H taken by C.-M. Wang, D–G by C.-L. Hsieh, and I by K.-F. Chung.</p

Summary statistics of assembly quality of the 64 samples used in this study.

(XLSX)</p