Colonies of <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> alone or with enterobacteria after 24 h of growth on SSI at 28°C and 37°C.

<p><i>Y. enterocolitica</i> 4/O:3 (strain IP29492) alone (A), or mixed with <i>K. oxytoca</i> (B), <i>E. coli</i>. (C), <i>C. sakazakii</i> (D). Colonies of <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> are indicated with a star on mixed plates. The black bar represents 2 mm.</p

Growth at different temperatures of enteropathogenic <i>Yersinia</i> strains on CIN and SSI, as compared to TSA.

<p>NA: not applicable.</p

Growth of 92 <i>Yersinia</i> strains on SSI and CIN as compared to TSA (control medium).

a<p>: the results are expressed as the difference of the log of the dilution limits between TSA and either CIN or SSI.</p><p>NA: Not applicable; NAG: non-agglutinable.</p

Colony morphology of various <i>Yersinia</i> and non-<i>Yersinia</i> enterobacteria grown for 24 h on SSI.

<p>NAG: non-agglutinable; NA: not applicable.</p

Colony morphology on CIN and modified CIN of artificially prepared bacterial mixtures.

<p>1, <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> 3/O:1,2,3 (IP135); 2, <i>C. braakii</i>; 3, H₂S-producing <i>C. freundii</i>; 4, <i>A. hydrophila</i>; 5, <i>P. rettgeri</i>; 6, <i>E. cloacae</i>. Zone A shows a region of bacterial clumping in which the formation of a black centre due to H₂S production and of a brown diffusible pigment produced by a phenylalanine deaminase reaction could not be detected or could hardly be observed.</p

Draining lymph node gross pathology.

<p>Macroscopical aspect of lymph nodes two days after inoculation of either saline, ∼5500 <i>Y. pseudotuberculosis</i> cfu or ∼5500 <i>Y. pestis</i> cfu. Lymph node from <i>Y. pseudotuberculosis</i>-infected mice is purulent whereas <i>Y. pestis</i>-infected lymph node is reddish and adherent to neighboring tissues. Bar = 2 mm.</p

Recovery rate of <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> from the 52 naturally contaminated rectal swabs from swine.

<p>The prevalence of <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> determined by using a duplex PCR targeting the <i>Y. enterocolitica</i>-specific 16S rRNA and <i>ail</i> genes <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106329#pone.0106329-Wannet1" target="_blank">[11]</a> was 2/52 (3.8%).</p><p>^<i>a</i>CIN, Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin.</p><p>^<i>b</i>mCIN, modified CIN.</p><p>^<i>c</i>PBS, phosphate buffered saline, a cold enrichment at 4°C for three weeks <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0106329#pone.0106329-Johnson1" target="_blank">[8]</a>.</p><p>^<i>d</i>KOH, post-enrichment alkaline treatment.</p><p>Recovery rate of <i>Y. enterocolitica</i> from the 52 naturally contaminated rectal swabs from swine.</p

Bacterial loads at injection site and in draining lymph node.

<p>Data are means of log₁₀ of cfu numbers recovered from 77 mice infected over six independent experiments. Bars = Standard Errors. Stars indicate that the data are significantly different between the two <i>Yersinia</i> species (p≤0.0001). The dashed line shows the detection limit (10 cfu). The cross symbol indicates that most <i>Y. pestis</i>-infected mice died between days 2 and 3.</p

Colony morphology of <i>Yersinia</i> spp. and other bacteria on CIN and modified CIN.

<p>^<i>a</i>CIN, Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin.</p><p>^<i>b</i>ae, aerobic.</p><p>^<i>c</i>mic, microaerophilic.</p><p>^<i>d</i>NG, no growth.</p><p>^<i>e</i>Rbe, red bull's eye.</p><p>^<i>f</i>Bc, black centre.</p><p>^<i>g</i>P, pink.</p><p>^<i>h</i>C, colourless.</p><p>^<i>i</i>Bp, brown diffusible pigment.</p><p>IP, Institut Pasteur, strain collection of the French <i>Yersinia</i> Reference laboratory.</p><p>ATCC, American Type Culture Collection.</p><p>Others, strain collection of the Laboratory of Biomedical Science and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya, Malaysia.</p><p>Colony morphology of <i>Yersinia</i> spp. and other bacteria on CIN and modified CIN.</p

Lymphatic connection between the inguinal and axillary lymph nodes.

<p>(A) Observation of a bioluminescent signal connecting the two lymph nodes on a live and on a necropsied mouse. (B) Staining of the lymphatic system after injection in the <i>linea alba</i> of the Evans blue dye. The axillary and inguinal lymph nodes are stained in blue and the lymphatic vessel draining the two nodes is seen as a thin pale blue line adjacent to the blood vessels.</p