Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Role of Dirty Industries in Turkey’s Exports

Pollution haven hypothesis argues that the industries that are highly pollution intensive i.e. dirty industries, have been migrating from developed economies to the developing world. It is argued that the environmental concerns of the developed economies caused them to enact strict environmental regulations, which have increased the cost of production of the dirty industries at home. On the other hand, the developing countries with their low wages and lax environmental regulations have been attractive alternative producers in these sectors. At the same time this migration is also beneficial for developing countries that are in need of financial resources for industrial development. Consequently, developing countries provide pollution havens for dirty industries. In this process while the dirty industries have been migrating to the developing countries, the developed countries also have become net importers of these sectors. In this study the pollution haven argument for Turkey, for 1994-1997 period is examined. The study focuses on the pollution haven hypothesis from trade perspective by looking at the manufacturing industry data at 4-digit ISIC detail by using the panel data approach. It is found that exports increase as the dirtiness of the industries increases, providing some evidence for the pollution haven hypothesis.Turkey, Pollution Haven Hypothesis, environment, manufacturing

Environmental Impact of Customs Union Agreement with EU on Turkey’s Trade in Manufacturing Industry

In this study, we analyze Turkey’s manufacturing industry trade by estimating sectoral import and export demand equations for 1980-2000. The study aims to understand whether the trade in the manufacturing industry complies with pollution haven hypothesis, and whether the free trade environment provided by the customs union (CU) agreement altered the trade pattern of the clean and dirty industries. Results of our econometric models have shown that while CU positively affects the import demand, it does not have any significant impact on the export demand of Turkish manufacturing industry. In terms of the environmental impact, distinction between clean and dirty industries turns out to be significant for both import and export demand. In general, our findings suggest that both clean and dirty industries’ import demand increase during the study period. In terms of export demand, clean industries’ export demand declines whereas dirty industries’ export demand increases compared to the total demand.Environmental impact analysis, EU, Turkey, manufacturing industry

CO2 Emissions vs. CO2 Responsibility: An Input-Output Approach for the Turkish Economy

Recently, global warming (greenhouse effect) and its effects have become one of the hottest topics in the world agenda. There have been several international attempts to reduce the negative effects of global warming. Kyoto Protocol can be cited as the most important agreement which tries to limit the countries’ emissions within a time horizon. For this reason it becomes important to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions of countries. The aim of this study is to estimate the amount of CO2 -the most important greenhouse gas- emissions, for the Turkish economy. An extended input-output model is estimated by using 1996 data in order to identify the sources of CO2 emissions and to discuss the share of sectors in total emission. Besides ‘CO2 responsibility’, which takes into account the CO2 content of imports, is estimated for the Turkish economy. The sectoral CO2 emissions and CO2 responsibilities are compared and these two notions are linked to foreign trade volume. One of the main conclusions is that the manufacturing industry has the first place in both of the rankings for CO2 emissions and CO2 responsibilities; while agriculture and husbandry has the last place.CO2 responsibility, Turkey, input-output analysis

Development and Assessment of a Coping Scale for Infertile Women in Turkey

Infertile women feel more psychological stress and pressure than their husbands, and the prevalence of anxiety and depression among them are higher. This study aimed to develop a culture-specific measurement tool to identify the strategies of infertile women in dealing with infertility-related problems. This was a scale development study. This study was carried out in three different fertility centers in the three largest cities in Turkey. The data were collected using personal information form and through the application of a Coping Scale for Infertile Women (CSIW) protocol. Ways of Coping with Stress Inventory. Cronbach‘s alpha, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Spearman‘s Rank correlation analyses were used to determine the reliability of the scale. The results of explanatory factor analysis and a factor structure of the Coping Scale for Infertile Women, comprising 50 items, were examined, and the data were determined to be suitable to perform factor analysis. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be 0.880. The number of factors in the scale was 10, and the internal consistency of the factors was 0.720. The results showed that the CSIW had good reliability and validity.Keywords: Infertility, Women, Coping, Scale developmen

An evaluation of a psychoeducation programme for emotion identification and expression in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia

WOS: 000513339200001PubMed: 32061042The inability of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia to recognize facial expressions is an important issue that has an impact on social functioning. This study was conducted to determine the effects of a psychoeducation programme for emotion identification and expression in those diagnosed with schizophrenia on their ability to identify and discriminate between emotions and social functionality. This quasi-experimental study (pretest-post-test, with control group) comprised an intervention (21) and a control (21) group conducted with individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. A 10-week psychoeducation programme was offered to the intervention group. Measuring instruments were administered to the groups before the intervention, after the intervention, and 3 months after that. The measuring instruments consisted of a personal information form, the Facial Emotion Identification Test, Facial Emotion Discrimination Test, and Personal and Social Performance Scale. The data were analysed using the 'two-way repeated measures analysis of variance'. The TREND method was used for reporting. In the first measurements taken after the psychoeducation programme, a significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of their 'Facial Emotion Identification Test' and 'Personal and Social Performance Scale' mean scores. In the measurements taken 3 months after the psychoeducation programme, this difference had disappeared. The psychoeducation programme is an effective programme that makes recognition of facially expressed emotions possible and increases the social functioning of patients

Nursing Practices Addressing Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Patients using Antipsychotic Drugs

WOS: 000435279700003Objective: This study was conducted among psychiatric nurses from the provinces of Ankara, Bolu, and Kirikkale for the purpose of determining which practices were undertaken against the risk of developing MetS among patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Methods: This study was a descriptive research. The legally required permissions for the studies were obtained from the three provinces. Ethical Board Permission was obtained from a university. The study comprised 145 persons, and 78.6% of the study population (n=114) participated in the research voluntarily. The data collection form was prepared by the researchers based on the literature and comprised 24 questions. The data were based on self-reporting. Results: Regarding the equipment available at the clinics for use in evaluating patients for MetS, 98.2% of the nurses said they had scales, 87.7% reported height measuring tools, 86.0% reported waist measuring tape, and all of the nurses reported the availability of a sphygmomanometer. Of the nurses, 36.8% said that they frequently encountered patients carrying MetS risk. Of the nurses, 55.8% however reported that they did not counsel patients to check their blood sugar and blood lipids after their discharge from the hospital, 42.5% said they did not advise patients to check their blood pressure after discharge, 42.5% said they did not educate their patients to regularly keep track of their waist measurements and weight after discharge, and 60.2% stated that they did not always tell patients that they should check their body mass index reading. Conclusion: Nurses usually have available materials to follow up on patients who are at a risk of developing MetS. However, approximately half of the nurses revealed that they did not inform patients during their discharge or at their follow-ups about the monitoring procedures that are necessary in terms of MetS risk

Preparation and labeling of surface-modified magnetoferritin protein cages with a rhenium(I) carbonyl complex for magnetically targeted radiotherapy

New rhenium radiolabeled compounds are of general interest due to their nuclear characteristics which allow radiotherapy and in situ monitoring of tumor uptake. Biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles capable of transporting radionuclides, providing MRI contrast agent properties for imaging and a therapeutic effect in the target tissue simultaneously, are highly desirable. Herein we describe the preparation of magnetoferritin samples, and their labeling with rhenium in the form of the low oxidation state rhenium(I)-tricarbonyl complex, [Re(CO)(3)(H2O)(3)](+). A non-radioactive rhenium isotope (Re-187) was used in all studies. The rhenium complex was conjugated covalently to the surface lysine groups of the protein cage via glutaraldehyde crosslinker and histidine modification. The analyses of conjugates were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Labeling efficiency was calculated as 22 +/- 2 rhenium per protein cage. The in vitro stability of the rhenium carbonyl label was evaluated at room temperature and in human serum medium. It was found that 91.1 +/- 1.8% rhenium was retained on the surface of the magnetoferritin cage following 72 h of dialysis. Prussian blue staining revealed the uptake of rhenium labeled nanocages preferentially into the human breast metastatic adenocarcinoma, MDA-MB-231 cells lines. The cytotoxicity assay carried out with the same cell lines showed that there is no significant cytotoxic effect up to 72 hours of incubation with 1 mg of labeled nanocages per mL (IC50 value)

Pollution haven hypothesis and the role of dirty industries in Turkey's exports

The pollution haven hypothesis maintains that the industries that are highly pollution intensive, i.e. dirty industries, have been migrating from developed economies to the developing world. It is argued that the environmental concerns of the developed economies caused them to enact strict environmental regulations, which have increased the cost of production of the dirty industries at home. On the other hand, the developing countries with their low wages and lax environmental regulations have been attractive alternative producers in these sectors. Thus, developing countries provide pollution havens for dirty industries. In this study, the pollution haven argument for Turkey, for the 1994-1997 period, is examined. The study focuses on the pollution haven hypothesis from the trade perspective by looking at the manufacturing industry data at four-digit ISIC detail by using the panel data approach. It is found that exports increase as the dirtiness of the industries increases, providing some evidence for the pollution haven hypothesis

Environmental impact of customs union agreement with EU on Turkey's trade in manufacturing industry

In this study, we analyse Turkey's manufacturing industry trade by estimating sectoral import and export demand equations for 1980-2000. The study aims to understand whether the trade in the manufacturing industry complies with pollution haven hypothesis, and whether the free trade environment provided by the customs union (CU) agreement altered the trade pattern of the clean and dirty industries. Results of our econometric models have shown that while CU positively affects the import demand, it does not have any significant impact on the export demand of Turkish manufacturing industry. In terms of the environmental impact, distinction between clean and dirty industries turns out to be significant for both import and export demand. In general, our findings suggest that both clean and dirty industries' import demand increased during the study period. In terms of export demand, clean industries' export demand declines whereas dirty industries' export demand increases compared to the total demand