Active and latent tuberculosis in Brazilian correctional facilities: a cross-sectional study

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2016-07-06T17:19:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carbone ASS Active and latent tuberculosis....pdf: 656948 bytes, checksum: 20358a6375fe15ab98c0fbc0c89a17e3 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2016-07-06T17:33:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carbone ASS Active and latent tuberculosis....pdf: 656948 bytes, checksum: 20358a6375fe15ab98c0fbc0c89a17e3 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T17:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carbone ASS Active and latent tuberculosis....pdf: 656948 bytes, checksum: 20358a6375fe15ab98c0fbc0c89a17e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T19:04:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Carbone ASS Active and latent tuberculosis....pdf.txt: 35956 bytes, checksum: d6c018bc1eeed9eab1932d6ae359841d (MD5) Carbone ASS Active and latent tuberculosis....pdf: 656948 bytes, checksum: 20358a6375fe15ab98c0fbc0c89a17e3 (MD5) license.txt: 2991 bytes, checksum: 5a560609d32a3863062d77ff32785d58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Federal University of Grande Dourados. University Hospital. Dourados, MS, BrasilFederal University of Grande Dourados. University Hospital. Dourados, MS, BrasilFederal University of Grande Dourados. University Hospital. Dourados, MS, BrasilFederal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Health Sciences.Federal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Health Sciences.Federal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Health Sciences.Federal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Health Sciences.Federal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Health Sciences.Federal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Health Sciences.Federal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Ambiental and Biological Sciences. Dourados, MS, BrasilFederal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Department of Biochemical Pharmacy. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Campo Grande, MS, BrasilFederal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Faculty of Medicine. Campo Grande, MS, BrasilFederal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. University Hospital. Campo Grande, MS, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Yale School of Public Health. Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease. New Haven, CT, USA.Stanford University School of Medicine. Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine. Stanford, CA, USAFederal University of Grande Dourados. Faculty of Health Sciences. Dourados, MS, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Campo Grande, MS, BrasilBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) rates among prisoners are more than 20 times that of the general population in Brazil, yet there are limited data available to facilitate the development of effective interventions in this high-transmission setting. We aimed to assess risk factors for TB infection and evaluate the yield of mass screening for active disease among inmates. Methods: We administered a questionnaire and tuberculin skin test (TST) to a population-based sample of inmates from 12 prisons in Central-West Brazil and collected sera for HIV testing and two sputum samples for smear microscopy and culture from participants reporting a cough of any duration. Hierarchical Poisson regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Results: We recruited 3,380 inmates, of which 2,861 (84.6%) were males from 8 prisons, and 519 (15.4%) were females from 4 prisons. Among the 1,020 (30%) subjects who reported a cough, we obtained sputum from 691 (68%) and identified 31 cases of active TB for a point prevalence of 917 (95% CI, 623–1302) per 100,000 prisoners. Evaluation of the two sputum smear samples failed to identify 74% of the TB cases, and 29% of the cases reported less than 2 weeks of symptoms. Obtaining a second culture identified an additional 7 (24%) cases. The prevalences of LTBI were 22.5% and 11.7% for male and female prisoners, respectively and duration of incarceration (in years) was associated with LTBI in male and female in the multivariable model (1.04, 95% CI, 1.01-1.07 and 1.34, 95% CI, 1.06-1.70, respectively). The prevalence of LTBI is 8.6% among newly incarcerated inmates, among whom LTBI prevalence significantly increased by 5% with each year of incarceration. Conclusions: Although the overall LTBI prevalence among inmates in Central-West Brazil is low, tuberculosis incidence is high (>1,800/100,00), likely due to the high force of infection among a largely susceptible inmate population. Efforts to reduce transmission in prisons may require mass screening for active TB, utilizing sputum culture in case-detection protocols