<i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> development in the presence of different fungi in the bipartite plate system.

<p>(a) Control plants and plant-fungus co-cultures 15 days after inoculation; (b) plant biomass measurements (roots—grey bars—and aboveground portions—open bars) in the presence/absence of fungi. Note the strong plant biomass increase in the presence of some of the fungi tested. Bars represent the mean ±SD, n = 5 (each biological replicate represents the total biomass of 3 <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> seedlings grown in an individual plate). Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments are indicated by different letters above the bars. Om, <i>Oidiodendron maius</i>; Mb, <i>Meliniomyces bicolor</i>; Mv, <i>Meliniomyces variabilis</i>; Re, <i>Rhizoscyphus ericae</i>; Lb, <i>Laccaria bicolor</i>; Cg, <i>Cenococcum geophilum</i>; Sl, <i>Suillus luteus</i>; Tc, <i>Tulasnella calospora</i>; Tv, <i>Trametes versicolor</i>; Ch, <i>Cladosporium herbarum</i>.</p

VOC emission profiles of the <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> WT and of the <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> GOGAT mutant.

<p>VOCs were collected in the headspace of culture plates 15 (open and hatched bars) and 30 (black and dotted bars) days after inoculation. Bars represent the mean ±SD as pmol cm^-2 h^-1, n = 6. (OCT) 1-octen-3-ol; (CAD) epsilon-cadinene; (PHE) phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl); (GER) germacrene D.</p

<i>O</i>. <i>maius—A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> co-cultivation experiments in the tripartite plate system.

<p>(a) Control plants and plant-fungus co-culture 15 days after inoculation; (b) same as in (a) but plates were added with a VOC trap (activated charcoal, AC) in the third compartment; (c) same as in (a) but plates were added with a CO₂ trap [Ba(OH)_2*8H₂O, B] together with two dental rolls in the third compartment; (d) plant biomass measurements (roots—grey bars—and aboveground portions—open bars) in the presence/absence of the fungus and of the trap compounds. Note the strong plant biomass increase in the presence of <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> in all the conditions tested. Bars represent the mean ±SD, n = 5 (each biological replicate represents the total biomass of 3 <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> seedlings grown in an individual plate). Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments are indicated by different letters above the bars.</p

<i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> development in the presence of <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> WT (Om) and of three <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> mutants (OmΔGOGAT; OmΔMFS; OmΔSOD).

<p>(a) Control plants (C) and plant-fungus co-cultures 30 days after inoculation (all pictures were taken at the same magnification) (b) Measurement of auxin quantity released in the culture medium by <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> WT and by the three <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> mutants, using the Salkowski reaction [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0168236#pone.0168236.ref046" target="_blank">46</a>]. Auxin quantity measured was normalized to the mycelium biomass. Bars represent the mean ±SD, n = 3 (each biological replicate represents the total biomass of 5 <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> seedlings grown in an individual plate). Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments are indicated by different letters above the bars.</p

<i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> development in the presence of <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> and of nine other fungi.

<p>(a) Control plants (C) and plant-fungus co-cultures 30 days after inoculation; (b) plant biomass measurements (roots—grey bars—and aboveground portions—open bars) in the presence/absence of fungi. Note the strong plant biomass increase in the presence of some of the fungi tested. Bars represent the mean ±SD, n = 5 (each biological replicate represents the total biomass of 5 <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> seedlings grown in an individual plate). Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments are indicated by different letters above the bars. Om, <i>Oidiodendron maius</i>; Mb, <i>Meliniomyces bicolor</i>; Mv, <i>Meliniomyces variabilis</i>; Re, <i>Rhizoscyphus ericae</i>; Lb, <i>Laccaria bicolor</i>; Sl, <i>Suillus luteus</i>; Cg, <i>Cenococcum geophilum</i>; Tc, <i>Tulasnella calospora</i>; Ch, <i>Cladosporium herbarum</i>; Tv, <i>Trametes versicolor</i>.</p

Analysis of <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> root development.

<p>Average quantification of root parameters in 20 individual <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> plants grown alone or co-cultured for 9 days with the <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> WT strain (Om) or the <i>O</i>. <i>maius</i> GOGAT mutant (OmΔGOGAT) is plotted into charts. Primary (PR), secondary (SRs) and tertiary roots (TRs) were counted and measured using the ImageJ plug in SmartRoot software. A diagrammatic representation of <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i> root development in the different conditions tested is also shown.</p

Table_4_The Hydrophobin-Like OmSSP1 May Be an Effector in the Ericoid Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.xlsx

<p>Mutualistic and pathogenic plant-colonizing fungi use effector molecules to manipulate the host cell metabolism to allow plant tissue invasion. Some small secreted proteins (SSPs) have been identified as fungal effectors in both ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but it is currently unknown whether SSPs also play a role as effectors in other mycorrhizal associations. Ericoid mycorrhiza is a specific endomycorrhizal type that involves symbiotic fungi mostly belonging to the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycetes) and plants in the family Ericaceae. Genomic and RNASeq data from the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius led to the identification of several symbiosis-upregulated genes encoding putative SSPs. OmSSP1, the most highly symbiosis up-regulated SSP, was found to share some features with fungal hydrophobins, even though it lacks the Pfam hydrophobin domain. Sequence alignment with other hydrophobins and hydrophobin-like fungal proteins placed OmSSP1 within Class I hydrophobins. However, the predicted features of OmSSP1 may suggest a distinct type of hydrophobin-like proteins. The presence of a predicted signal peptide and a yeast-based signal sequence trap assay demonstrate that OmSSP1 is secreted. OmSSP1 null-mutants showed a reduced capacity to form ericoid mycorrhiza with Vaccinium myrtillus roots, suggesting a role as effectors in the ericoid mycorrhizal interaction.</p

Data_Sheet_1_The Hydrophobin-Like OmSSP1 May Be an Effector in the Ericoid Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.docx

<p>Mutualistic and pathogenic plant-colonizing fungi use effector molecules to manipulate the host cell metabolism to allow plant tissue invasion. Some small secreted proteins (SSPs) have been identified as fungal effectors in both ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but it is currently unknown whether SSPs also play a role as effectors in other mycorrhizal associations. Ericoid mycorrhiza is a specific endomycorrhizal type that involves symbiotic fungi mostly belonging to the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycetes) and plants in the family Ericaceae. Genomic and RNASeq data from the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius led to the identification of several symbiosis-upregulated genes encoding putative SSPs. OmSSP1, the most highly symbiosis up-regulated SSP, was found to share some features with fungal hydrophobins, even though it lacks the Pfam hydrophobin domain. Sequence alignment with other hydrophobins and hydrophobin-like fungal proteins placed OmSSP1 within Class I hydrophobins. However, the predicted features of OmSSP1 may suggest a distinct type of hydrophobin-like proteins. The presence of a predicted signal peptide and a yeast-based signal sequence trap assay demonstrate that OmSSP1 is secreted. OmSSP1 null-mutants showed a reduced capacity to form ericoid mycorrhiza with Vaccinium myrtillus roots, suggesting a role as effectors in the ericoid mycorrhizal interaction.</p

Table_3_The Hydrophobin-Like OmSSP1 May Be an Effector in the Ericoid Mycorrhizal Symbiosis.XLSX

<p>Mutualistic and pathogenic plant-colonizing fungi use effector molecules to manipulate the host cell metabolism to allow plant tissue invasion. Some small secreted proteins (SSPs) have been identified as fungal effectors in both ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, but it is currently unknown whether SSPs also play a role as effectors in other mycorrhizal associations. Ericoid mycorrhiza is a specific endomycorrhizal type that involves symbiotic fungi mostly belonging to the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycetes) and plants in the family Ericaceae. Genomic and RNASeq data from the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius led to the identification of several symbiosis-upregulated genes encoding putative SSPs. OmSSP1, the most highly symbiosis up-regulated SSP, was found to share some features with fungal hydrophobins, even though it lacks the Pfam hydrophobin domain. Sequence alignment with other hydrophobins and hydrophobin-like fungal proteins placed OmSSP1 within Class I hydrophobins. However, the predicted features of OmSSP1 may suggest a distinct type of hydrophobin-like proteins. The presence of a predicted signal peptide and a yeast-based signal sequence trap assay demonstrate that OmSSP1 is secreted. OmSSP1 null-mutants showed a reduced capacity to form ericoid mycorrhiza with Vaccinium myrtillus roots, suggesting a role as effectors in the ericoid mycorrhizal interaction.</p

Alignments After MacClade

This folder contains the alignment files for wood decay gene families after exclusion of poorly aligned regions using MacClade