The Potential Effects of Unemployment and Inflation on Currency Crisis under Fixed Exchange Rate System in a Small Open Economy: Jordan Case

The paper investigates the potential effects of macroeconomic variables on currency deviations as indicator for currency crisis under fixed exchange rate system in a small open economy of Jordan; where larger currency deviation of the real exchange rate from the nominal exchange rate implies depreciation of Jordanian dinar and potentially may lead to currency crisis. Running ARDL regressions and DOLS estimator for robustness and sensitivity checks; the results indicates that high and persistent unemployment rates and high inflation rates have high long-run multiple significant effects on increasing currency deviations. Control variables such as reserves growth, trade openness, and terms of trades have negative significant in reducing currency deviations but their long-run multipliers shows small effects particularly reserve, implying temporary remedy role of reserves in reducing currency deviations; but the results of domestic and external debts, remittances and grants are found to be insignificant. The paper concludes that high unemployment rates may lead to currency crisis as predicted by Obstfeld (1996) model; in addition the multiple costs of high inflation and unemployment rates outweigh the benefits from reserves growth, trade openness, terms of trade that may lead to currency crisis. The results of this paper provides a guiding tool to the monetary authorities and policymakers in Jordan of the key macroeconomic variables that affects the Jordan's domestic currency, which needs to be considered or maintained in the design of an appropriate ER policy to avoid future currency crisis. Keywords: RER, NER, CURRDC, Currency Crisis, Unemployment, Inflatio

Genetic Characterization of Three Deer Species in Malaysia

In recent years, there has been much interest in the domestication and farming of deer in Malaysia for velvet, skin and meat production. Various deer species and subspecies have been imported into the country and this has resulted in the introduction of new germplasm and the risk of mixture of these, making it necessary to evaluate the genetic background of the various species before they are indiscriminately diluted or altered. This study was carried out to characterize three deer species i n Malaysia, namely rusa (Cervus timorensis), sambar (Cervus unicolor) and sika (Cervus nippon), by using the karyotyping, biochemical polymorphisms and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. The rusa herd at the Deer Breeding Unit of University Research Park, Universiti Putra Malaysia, the sambar herd at Pusat Permbiakan Ternakan Sabray, Kenungu, Sabah and the sika herd at Pusat Temakan Haiwan, Batu Arang were used as the research populations. Conventional, G-banded and C-banded karyotypes were generated for three male and three female deer of each species. The chromosome number was derived from 100 good metaphase spreads per animal. The morphology of the chromosomes was based on their relative lengths and position of the centromeres. Rusa, sambar and sika displayed a total of 60, 62 and 66 chromosomes in the majority of the cell spreads, respectively. The rusa deer had five pairs of metacentric/submetacentric and 24 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. The X chromosome was characterised as the largest acrocentric chromosome, while the Y chromosome was a small acrocentric chromosome. The sambar deer had four pairs of metacentric/submetacentric and 26 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The sex chromosomes were similar to that of rusa deer. In the sika deer there were two pairs of metacentric/submetacentric and 30 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The pair of sex chromosomes was similar to those of the rusa and the sambar. The homologous chromosomes were paired with respect to their sizes, shapes and banding patterns generated from C-banding and G-banding. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) for the three deer species were 1 ocated on different chromosomes. The male r usa displayed NORs on the telomeric regions both homologues of Chromosomes 1 and 6, but the female displayed NORs on only one homologue of Chromosome 1, and both homologues of Chromosome 6. Male and female sambar deer both had three telomeric NORs located on the homologous pair of Chromosome 6 and a single homologue of Chromosome 7. Female and male sika deer displayed four NORs which were on the acrocentric Chromosomes 1 and 2. Cellulose acetate and starch g el electrophoresis were u sed to s tudy e nzymelprotein polymorphisms. Blood samples from 38 rusa, 9 sambar and 34 sika deer were analysed for 15 b iochemical m arkers, h owever, only six m arkers generated results. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Albumin (ALB), Transferrin and X-protein were monomorphic. Haemoglobin (HB) was polymorphic with three phenotypes for the three species, which could b e attributed to two c odominant alleles, H B~ and HB*. The frequency of H B w~as highest in the rusa population, 0.553, while HBB was predominant in sambar, 0.61 1, and sika, 0.574. The rusa and sika populations showed significant (P<0.05) deviations from HWE for this locus. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GGPD), although polymorphic, was monomorphic within each species. Rusa and sambar showed the same phenotype, but this was different from that of the sika. The genetic distance between rusa and sambar based on the above biochemical markers was 0.001, between rusa and sika it was 0.144, and between sambar and sika it was 0.141. The animals used in the biochemical study were a Iso analyzed for RAPD markers using 10 arbitrary primers. The primers amplified a total of 164 makers, of which 59 were shared by a 11 three species. The overall percent polymorphism was 9 9.39%, with rusa showing 128 polymorphic markers (97.71%), sambar showing 66 (68.04%) and sika showing 118 (95.16%) polymorphic markers. The 62B-1 (800 bp) band was a c ornrnon monomorphic m arker for the three species. Sambar had five e xclusive monomorphic markers, while sika had one and rusa none. The genetic distance based on Dice and Jaccard similarity indices showed sambar and sika to be the most closely related, followed by rusa and sambar

Dynamic Interaction of an Uplifted Beam with the Supporting Soil

During seismic events, the overturning moment exerted by the hydrodynamic pressure of a liquid contained in an unanchored, thin-walled liquid storage tank tends to lift the tank base plate off its foundation. The nonlinear uplift and contact mechanism between the base plate and the underlying foundation is investigated in the present study. Nonlinearities due to base plate contact with foundation, large deflection and plastic hinge formation are examined

Matroidal and Lattices Structures of Rough Sets and Some of Their Topological Characterizations

Matroids, rough set theory and lattices are efficient tools of knowledge discovery. Lattices and matroids are studied on preapproximations spaces. Li et al. proved that a lattice is Boolean if it is clopen set lattice for matroids. In our study, a lattice is Boolean if it is closed for matroids. Moreover, a topological lattice is discussed using its matroidal structure. Atoms in a complete atomic Boolean lattice are completely determined through its topological structure. Finally, a necessary and sufficient condition for a predefinable set is proved in preapproximation spaces. The value k for a predefinable set in lattice of matroidal closed sets is determined

Matroidal and Lattices Structures of Rough Sets and Some of Their Topological Characterizations

Matroids, rough set theory and lattices are efficient tools of knowledge discovery. Lattices and matroids are studied on preapproximations spaces. Li et al. proved that a lattice is Boolean if it is clopen set lattice for matroids. In our study, a lattice is Boolean if it is closed for matroids. Moreover, a topological lattice is discussed using its matroidal structure. Atoms in a complete atomic Boolean lattice are completely determined through its topological structure. Finally, a necessary and sufficient condition for a predefinable set is proved in preapproximation spaces. The value k for a predefinable set in lattice of matroidal closed sets is determined

Synthesis of bioactive quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives via microwave activation tailored by phase-transfer catalysis

A series of nine new 2,3-disubstituted 4(3H)-quinazolin-4-one derivatives was furnished starting from the 2-propyl-4(3H)-quinazoline-4-one (2). The reinvestigation of the key starting quinazolinone 2 was performed under microwave irradiation (MW) and solvent-free conditions. Combination of MW and phase-transfer catalysis using tetrabutylammonium benzoate (TBAB) as a novel neutral ionic catalyst was used for carrying out N-alkylation and condensation reactions of compound 2 as a simple, efficient and eco-friendly technique. The structure of the synthesized compounds was elucidated using different spectral and chemical analyses. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the compounds was investigated against four bacterial and two fungal strains; very modest activity was achieved. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened for their antitumor activity against different human tumor cell lines. The screened compounds exhibited a significant antitumor activity on some of the cancer cell lines, melanoma (SK-MEL-2), ovarian cancer (IGROV1), renal cancer (TK-10), prostate cancer (PC-3), breast cancer (MCF7) and colon cancer (HT29). The most active, even more active than the reference 5-fluorouracil, were found to be ethyl 4-[(4-oxo-2-propylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)methyl]benzoate (3c), 3-{2-[6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl-sulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline]-2-oxoethyl}-2-propylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (3e), N’-[(E)-(2H-1,3-benzodioxo-5-yl)methylidene]-2-(4-oxo-2-propylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazide (10a), N’-[(E)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-(4-oxo-2-propylquinazo-lin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazide (10b) and N’-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl)methylidene]-2-(4-oxo-2-propylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazide (10c)

Analysis of the Architectural heritage of El-Mansoura city, Egypt: towards urban conservation approach

Mansoura city is one of the Egyptian intermediate cities in the Nile delta, The city center heritage are in mostly the European Mediterranean style because of the presence of the foreigners in the city spatially Greek and Italian communities during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As many other Egyptian intermediate cities, the city heritage suffers from lack of maintenance and the absence of organized conservation programs. El-Mansoura architectural heritage are divided into main five zones around the city center. The first is the “private palaces and villas zone” in the west of the city center, it was the residence of the aristocratic Egyptians. The second is the “Northern city center” on the Nile, it was the administration zone near the old port. The third is the “Commercial center” with high concentration of commercial activities. The fourth is “El-Mokhtalat neighborhood” in the east of the city center, it was the residence of the foreigners and elite Egyptians. The last one is “Torel neighborhood” it is a combination of private villas in a grid of perpendicular street. Their are some trials to preserve and restore some building of the city heritage but normally they are individual trails and some times without professional procedures and studies, Now there is some projects to make urban development of the city valuable zones in collaboration between “El-Dakahlia’ governorate and “Mansoura university, Department of architectural engineering” and that will lead to effective restoration and rehabilitation projects in the future

Phytoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of German Chamomile Extract against Dimpylate-Induced Hepato-Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Dimpylate is one of the most organophosphorus widely used insecticides in agriculture. This study aims to investigate the ameliorative effect of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) on the hepato-nephrotoxicity induced by Dimpylate in male Wistar rats.  Rats  were divided into 4 groups: Control group, received  corn oil alone; Chamomile group, orally given water extract of Chamomile (300 mg/kg b.wt./day for 30 days); Dimpylate group, orally given 15 mg/kg b.wt./day for 30 days of Dimpylate; and Dimpylate and chamomile group,  orally given Dimpylate (15 mg/kg b.wt./day) with Chamomile extract (300 mg/kg b.wt./day) for 30 days. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status were estimated in the liver and kidney of all groups. In the liver and kidney of the Dimpylate-intoxicated rats, there was an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and a significant decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TCA), glutathione-peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GSH-R) and Glutathione–S-transferase (GST). In addition, significant increases in serum liver function marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) were recorded in Dimpylate intoxicated rats as compared to control group. Moreover, significant increase in serum total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels was observed in Dimpylate group as compared to control group. Serum total protein was decreased significantly in Dimpylate intoxicated rats as compared to the control group. Renal products; urea and creatinine were significantly elevated in in Dimpylate group compared to the control group. Dimpylate treated animals also revealed a significant increase in serum biochemical parameters as well as hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation but caused an inhibition in antioxidant biomarkers. normalized the elevated serum levels of AST, ALT, APL, uric acid, urea and creatinine. Furthermore, it reduced dimpylate-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, it could be concluded that Chomomile extract administration able to minimize the toxic effects of dimpylate by its free radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activity. Co-administration of the Chamomile aqueous extract with Dimpylate could attenuate the all the disrupted measured parameters in liver and kidney tissued. Therefore, it could be concluded that the chamomile aqueous extract has antioxidant and protective property againsit Dimpylate hepato-nephrotoxicity Keywords: Dimpylate, Chamomile, hepato-nephrotoxicity, Antioxidant