26 research outputs found

    Communautés végétales et faciÚs pastoraux dans la zone de Taourirt-Tafoughalt du Maroc oriental: écologie et inventaire floristique.

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    L’étude a Ă©tĂ© entreprise durant l’annĂ©e 2009 dans la zone «Taourirt-Tafoughalt» situeĂ© Ă  l’Ouest du Maroc oriental. Elle tente d’inventorier la vĂ©gĂ©tation naturelle et de la caractĂ©riser en terme Ă©cologique tout en mettant en relief l’importance des conditions du milieu. La mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e consiste Ă  dĂ©terminer la composition floristique des espĂšces et Ă  dĂ©finir l’état Ă©cologique de la vĂ©gĂ©tation moyennant des relevĂ©s phyto-Ă©cologiques. Les analyses statistiques ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es Ă  l’aide de l’Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC). Les principaux rĂ©sultats montrent l’existence de cinq principales formations vĂ©gĂ©tales: (i) forĂȘts, matorrals et steppes arborĂ©es, (ii) steppe Ă  Stipa tenacissima, (iii) steppes dĂ©gradĂ©es mixtes, (iv) steppes dĂ©gradĂ©es Ă  base d’Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Asphodelus microcarpus et Thymelaea microphylla, et (v) steppes trĂšs localisĂ©es Ă  psammophytes (Lygeum spartum et Thymelaea microphylla) et Ă  gypso-halophytes (Salsola vermiculata et Atriplex halimus). Par ailleurs, la composition botanique dominante tĂ©moigne, en gĂ©nĂ©ral, d’une tendance vers une rĂ©gression qualitative importante du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal. La plupart des formations sont constituĂ©es d’espĂšces indicatrices de dĂ©gradation avancĂ©e: Noaea mucronata, Asphodelus microcarpus, Thymelaea microphylla, Launaea acanthoclada, Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Urginea maritima, Lygeum spartum. La couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale, en dehors des forĂȘts et des steppes alfatiĂšres, est trĂšs faible (<15%). La pluviositĂ©, la lithologie (charge caillouteuse), la gĂ©omorphologie (gĂ©ologie, pente, topographie, exposition), le type de sols et l’influence anthropique, restent les principales variables qui dĂ©terminent la rĂ©partition des groupements vĂ©gĂ©taux. La texture du sol conditionne particuliĂšrement les groupements de situations extrĂȘmes, tels que les psammophytes et gypso-halophytes. L’examen phyto-sociologique n’a concernĂ© que les formations dominĂ©es par Stipa tenacissima. Cet examen montre des affinitĂ©s entre faciĂšs pastoraux et formations, exprimĂ©es par l’existence d’espĂšces communes

    Water productivity improvement of cereals and foods legumes in the Atbara Basin of Eritrea

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    The project ‘Water Productivity Improvement of Cereals and Food Legumes in the Atbara Basin of Eritrea’ is an example of organization and implementation of farmers’ participatory research, conducted utilizing the available indigenous knowledge while empowering farming communities. Farmers have been partners in technology development with extension and research, with full decision-making power in planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The project produced, in partnership with farmers, new varieties of cereals and food legumes which have proven farmer acceptability; established seed systems which supply farmers with quality seed in a sustainable manner; enhanced farmers’ skills in participatory research and in community based seed production; strengthened the capacity of National Institutions to carry out participatory research and technology transfer, and strengthened linkages between research, seed, and extension departments by working together in cooperation with farmers and farmers’ communities. Working conditions, during the course of the project were not always easy and became challenging towards the end of the project, but to work with farmers and learn from them has been an extremely rewarding experience

    Integrated Ugi-Based Assembly of Functionally, Skeletally, and Stereochemically Diverse 1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-ones

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    A practical, integrated and versatile U-4CR-based assembly of 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones exhibiting functionally, skeletally, and stereochemically diverse substitution patterns is described. By virtue of its convergence, atom economy, and bond-forming efficiency, the methodology documented herein exemplifies the reconciliation of structural complexity and experimental simplicity in the context of medicinal chemistry projects.This work was financially supported by the Galician Government (Spain), Projects: 09CSA016234PR and GPC-2014-PG037. J.A. thanks FUNDAYACUCHO (Venezuela) for a predoctoral grant and Deputación da Coruña (Spain) for a postdoctoral research grant. A.N.-V. thanks the Spanish government for a Ramón y Cajal research contract

    Communautés végétales et faciÚs pastoraux dans la zone de Taourirt-Tafoughalt du Maroc oriental: écologie et inventaire floristique. Vegetation and pasturelands in Taourirt-Tafoughalt (Eastern Morocco): ecology and flora

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    Français. L’étude a Ă©tĂ© entreprise durant l’annĂ©e 2009 dans la zone «Taourirt-Tafoughalt» situeĂ© Ă  l’Ouest du Maroc oriental. Elle tente d’inventorier la vĂ©gĂ©tation naturelle et de la caractĂ©riser en terme Ă©cologique tout en mettant en relief l’importance des conditions du milieu. La mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e consiste Ă  dĂ©terminer la composition floristique des espĂšces et Ă  dĂ©finir l’état Ă©cologique de la vĂ©gĂ©tation moyennant des relevĂ©s phyto-Ă©cologiques. Les analyses statistiques ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es Ă  l’aide de l’Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC). Les principaux rĂ©sultats montrent l’existence de cinq principales formations vĂ©gĂ©tales: (i) forĂȘts, matorrals et steppes arborĂ©es, (ii) steppe Ă  Stipa tenacissima, (iii) steppes dĂ©gradĂ©es mixtes, (iv) steppes dĂ©gradĂ©es Ă  base d’Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Asphodelus microcarpus et Thymelaea microphylla, et (v) steppes trĂšs localisĂ©es Ă  psammophytes (Lygeum spartum et Thymelaea microphylla) et Ă  gypso-halophytes (Salsola vermiculata et Atriplex halimus). Par ailleurs, la composition botanique dominante tĂ©moigne, en gĂ©nĂ©ral, d’une tendance vers une rĂ©gression qualitative importante du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal. La plupart des formations sont constituĂ©es d’espĂšces indicatrices de dĂ©gradation avancĂ©e: Noaea mucronata, Asphodelus microcarpus, Thymelaea microphylla, Launaea acanthoclada, Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Urginea maritima, Lygeum spartum. La couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale, en dehors des forĂȘts et des steppes alfatiĂšres, est trĂšs faible (&lt;15%). La pluviositĂ©, la lithologie (charge caillouteuse), la gĂ©omorphologie (gĂ©ologie, pente, topographie, exposition), le type de sols et l’influence anthropique, restent les principales variables qui dĂ©terminent la rĂ©partition des groupements vĂ©gĂ©taux. La texture du sol conditionne particuliĂšrement les groupements de situations extrĂȘmes, tels que les psammophytes et gypso-halophytes. L’examen phyto-sociologique n’a concernĂ© que les formations dominĂ©es par Stipa tenacissima. Cet examen montre des affinitĂ©s entre faciĂšs pastoraux et formations, exprimĂ©es par l’existence d’espĂšces communes.English. The study was undertaken during 2009 in the “Taourirt-Tafoughalt” zone located west of the Eastern Recibido el 30 de julio de 2010, aceptado para su publicaciĂłn el 3 de mayo de 2011 126 M. Acherkouk et al.. INTRODUCTION Le Maroc fait partie du bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en qui se compte parmi les rĂ©gions du monde les plus riches en terme de biodiversitĂ© faunistique et floristique. En effet, Myers et al. (2000) considĂšrent que les pays mĂ©diterranĂ©ens dĂ©tiennent presque 4,5% de la flore mondiale. Or, ce patrimoine vĂ©gĂ©tal est actuellement menacĂ© de dĂ©gradation suite Ă  la conjugaison de plusieurs facteurs naturels (surtout les sĂ©cheresses rĂ©currentes et l’ariditĂ© climatique) et anthropiques, dont notamment le surpĂąturage. Cette situation de dynamique rĂ©gressive de la vĂ©gĂ©tation naturelle a poussĂ© plusieurs auteurs Ă  tirer la sonnette d’alarme sur le risque, de plus en plus Ă©levĂ©, de dĂ©perdition floristique. D’oĂč, la nĂ©cessitĂ© de protĂ©ger le couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal naturel, surtout en zones arides, et d’en Ă©valuer l’impact environnemental et le coĂ»t Ă©conomique (Matthew et al., 2006 et Kalpana et al., 2007). D’ailleurs, cette protection ou rĂ©habilitation de la vĂ©gĂ©tation dans les terrains de pĂąturage doit ĂȘtre effectuĂ©e dans le cadre d’une approche systĂ©mique et globale (Rahmi et al., 2000). Elle peut permettre, via certaines techniques (mises en repos et collecte des eaux pluviales), la restauration du tapis vĂ©gĂ©tal naturel, l’amĂ©lioration de la couverture du sol par plusieurs espĂšces vĂ©gĂ©tales et l’augmentation de la phytomasse (Acherkouk et MaĂątougui, 2008). Dans le Maroc oriental, les pĂąturages sont actuellement sujets Ă  un processus de dĂ©gradation continu et alarmant (Bounejmate et El Mourid, 2001; Acherkouk et al., 2005; MaĂątougui et al., 2006). Le pĂąturage anarchique et irrationnel en reste l’une des principales causes anthropiques (Dutilly-Diane et al., 2007). Le prĂ©sent article Ă©mane de l’étude effectuĂ©e dans la zone Taourirt-Tafoughalt. Le choix de cette zone revient Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© de conduire des Ă©tudes d’inventaire, de suivi et d’évaluation d’impact sur le couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal naturel qui a profitĂ© de plusieurs actions d’amĂ©nagement pastoral dans le cadre du projet de dĂ©veloppement rural Taourirt-Tafoughalt entre 1999 et 2009. Objectifs: Cette investigation tente d’inventorier la vĂ©gĂ©tation de la zone de Taourirt-Tafoughalt et de diagnostiquer son Ă©tat de dĂ©gradation en tenant compte des variables Morocco. The objectives are natural vegetation inventory and ecological characterization in relation to the environmental conditions. The methodology is based primarily on determining the floristic composition and the ecological state of the vegetation upon phyto-ecological surveys. Statistical analysis were performed using the Correspondence Analysis (CA). The main results show the existence of five major plant formations: (i) forests, matorral and forest-steppes, (ii) Stipa tenacissima steppe, (iii) degraded mixed steppes, (iv) degraded steppes based Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Asphodelus microcarpus and Thymelaea microphylla (v) scattered steppe based Lygeum spartum, Thymelaea microphylla, Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata. Furthermore, the dominant floristical composition reflects, in general, a trend towards a significant qualitative regression of vegetation. Most of the species are indicative of advanced degradation: Noaea mucronata, Asphodelus microcarpus, Thymelaea microphylla, Launaea acanthoclada, Anabasis aphylla, Peganum harmala, Urginea maritima, Lygeum spartum. Vegetation cover outside forests and Stipa tenacissima steppes is very low (&lt;15%). Rainfall, lithology (gravel load), geomorphology (geology, slope, topography and exposure), soil type and human influence are the main variables that determine the distribution of plant communities in this zone. Soil texture determines particular groups of extreme situations, such as gypsum and psammophytes and-halophytes. The phytosociological analysis, applied only on the Stipa tenacissima formation, shows floristical affinities between pastoral facies and formations, expressed by the existence of common species

    Multicomponent Assembly of Diverse Pyrazin-2(1<i>H</i>)‑one Chemotypes

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    An expedient and concise Ugi-based approach for the rapid assembly of pyrazin-2­(1<i>H</i>)-one-based frameworks has been developed. This convergent approach encompasses skeletal, functional and stereochemical diversity, exhibiting an unusually high bond-forming efficiency as well as high structure and step economies. The method involves the use of readily available commercial reagents and is an example of the reconciliation of structural complexity with operational simplicity in a time- and cost-effective manner

    Multicomponent Assembly of Diverse Pyrazin-2(1<i>H</i>)‑one Chemotypes

    No full text
    An expedient and concise Ugi-based approach for the rapid assembly of pyrazin-2­(1<i>H</i>)-one-based frameworks has been developed. This convergent approach encompasses skeletal, functional and stereochemical diversity, exhibiting an unusually high bond-forming efficiency as well as high structure and step economies. The method involves the use of readily available commercial reagents and is an example of the reconciliation of structural complexity with operational simplicity in a time- and cost-effective manner

    Three-Component Assembly of Structurally Diverse 2‑Aminopyrimidine-5-carbonitriles

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    An expedient route for the synthesis of libraries of diversely decorated 2-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonitriles is reported. This approach is based on a three-component reaction followed by spontaneous aromatization
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