The EUROnu Study for Future High Power Neutrino Oscillation Facilities

The EUROnu project was a 4 year FP7 design study to investigate and compare three possible options for future, high power neutrino oscillation facilities in Europe. These three facilities are a Neutrino Factory, a neutrino superbeam from CERN to the Frejus Laboratory and a so-called Beta Beam. The study was completed at the end of 2012 and has produced conceptual designs for the facilities and preliminary cost estimates. The designs were used to determine the physics performance. These have been used to compare the facilities. This paper will describe the designs, physics performance and costs and summarise the recommendations of the study

Commissioning of the EMMA Non-Scaling FFAG

EMMA is the world's first non-scal­ing fixed field al­ter­nat­ing gra­di­ent ac­cel­er­a­tor and is being con­struct­ed at the STFC Dares­bury Lab­o­ra­to­ry. Ex­pe­ri­ence from the ini­tial com­mis­sion­ing phas­es (from early 2010) will be re­port­ed and lessons for fu­ture ma­chines of a sim­i­lar type will be dis­cussed. The pre­sent ex­per­i­men­tal sta­tus and fu­ture plans will also be re­port­ed

The EMMA Non-scaling FFAG

The Elec­tron Model for Many Ap­pli­ca­tions (EMMA) will be the World's first non-scal­ing FFAG and is under con­struc­tion at the STFC Dares­bury Lab­o­ra­to­ry in the UK. Con­struc­tion is due for com­ple­tion in March 2010 and will be fol­lowed by com­mis­sion­ing with beam and a de­tailed ex­per­i­men­tal pro­gramme to study the func­tion­ing of this type of ac­cel­er­a­tor. This paper will give an overview of the mo­ti­va­tion for the pro­ject and de­scribe the EMMA de­sign and hard­ware. The first re­sults from com­mis­sion­ing will be pre­sent­ed in a sep­a­rate paper

A new type of accelerator for charged particle cancer therapy

Non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerators (ns-FFAGs) show great potential for the acceleration of protons and light ions for the treatment of certain cancers. They have unique features as they combine techniques from the existing types of accelerators, cyclotrons and synchrotrons, and hence look to have advantages over both for this application. However, these unique features meant that it was necessary to build one of these accelerators to show that it works and to undertake a detailed conceptual design of a medical machine. Both of these have now been done. This paper will describe the concepts of this type of accelerator, show results from the proof-of-principle machine (EMMA) and described the medical machine (PAMELA)

Beam dynamics in NF-FFAG EMMA with dynamical maps

Copyright @ 2010 by IPAC'10/ACFAThe Non-Scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient accelerator EMMA has a compact linear lattice, in which the effects of magnet fringe fields need to be modelled carefully. A numerical magnetic field map can be generated frommagnetmeasurements ormagnet design software. We have developed a technique that produces from the numerical field map, a dynamical map for a particle travelling in a full EMMA cell, for a given reference energy, without acceleration. Since the beam dynamics change with energy, a set of maps have been produced with various reference energies between 10MeV and 20MeV. For each reference energy, the simulated tune and time of flight have been compared with results in Zgoubi - tracking directly through numerical field map. The range of validity of a single map has been investigated by tracking particles with large energy deviation: the results can be used to implement a model of acceleration based on dynamical mapsThis work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), UK

Particle Tracking Studies Using Dynamical Map Created from Finite Element Solution of the EMMA Cell

The un­con­ven­tion­al size and the pos­si­bil­i­ty of trans­verse dis­place­ment of the mag­nets in the EMMA non-scal­ing FFAG mo­ti­vates a care­ful study of par­ti­cle be­hav­ior with­in the EMMA ring. The mag­net­ic field map of the dou­blet cell is com­put­ed using a Fi­nite El­e­ment Method solver; par­ti­cle mo­tion through the field can then be found by nu­mer­i­cal in­te­gra­tion, using (for ex­am­ple) OPERA, or ZGOUBI. How­ev­er, by ob­tain­ing an an­a­lyt­i­cal de­scrip­tion of the mag­net­ic field (by fit­ting a Fouri­er-Bessel se­ries to the nu­mer­i­cal data) and using a dif­fer­en­tial al­ge­bra code, such as COSY, to in­te­grate the equa­tions of mo­tion, it is pos­si­ble to pro­duce a dy­nam­i­cal map in Tay­lor form. This has the ad­van­tage that, after once com­put­ing the dy­nam­i­cal map, mul­ti-turn track­ing is far more ef­fi­cient than re­peat­ed­ly per­form­ing nu­mer­i­cal in­te­gra­tions. Also, the dy­nam­i­cal map is small­er (in terms of com­put­er mem­o­ry) than the full mag­net­ic field map; this al­lows dif­fer­ent con­fig­u­ra­tions of the lat­tice, in terms of mag­net po­si­tions, to be rep­re­sent­ed very eas­i­ly using a set of dy­nam­i­cal maps, with in­ter­po­la­tion be­tween the co­ef­fi­cients in dif­fer­ent maps*

A Study of the Production of Neutrons for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy using a Proton Accelerator

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a binary cancer therapy particularly well-suited to treating aggressive tumours that exhibit a high degree of infiltration of the surrounding healthy tissue. Such tumours, for example of the brain and lung, provide some of the most challenging problems in oncology. The first element of the therapy is boron-10 which is preferentially introduced into the cancerous cells using a carrier compound. Boron-10 has a very high capture cross-section with the other element of the therapy, thermal neutrons, resulting in the production of a lithium nucleus and an alpha particle which destroy the cell they are created in. However, a large flux of neutrons is required and until recently the only source used was a nuclear reactor. In Birmingham, studies of an existing BNCT facility using a 2.8 MeV proton beam and a solid lithium target have found a way to increase the beam power to a sufficient level to allow clinical trials, while maintaining the target solid. In this paper, we will introduce BNCT, describe the work in Birmingham and compare with other accelerator-driven BNCT projects around the World

A Non-Scaling FFAG Gantry Design for the PAMELA Project

A gantry is re­quired for the PAMELA pro­ject using non-scal­ing Fixed Field Al­ter­nat­ing Gra­di­ent (NS-FFAG) mag­nets. The NS-FFAG prin­ci­ple of­fers the pos­si­bil­i­ty of a gantry much small­er, lighter and cheap­er than con­ven­tion­al de­signs, with the added abil­i­ty to ac­cept a wide range of fast chang­ing en­er­gies. This paper will build on pre­vi­ous work to in­ves­ti­gate a de­sign which could be used for the PAMELA pro­ject

5MW Power Upgrade Studies of the ISIS TS1 Target

The increasing demand for neutron production at the ISIS neutron spallation source has motivated a study of an upgrade of the production target TS1. This study focuses on a 5 MW power upgrade and complete redesign of the ISIS TS1 spallation target, reflector and neutron moderators. The optimisation of the target-moderator arrangement was done in order to obtain the maximum neutron output per unit input power. In addition, at each step of this optimisation study, the heat load and thermal stresses were calculated to ensure the target can sustain the increase in the beam power

Overview of Solid Target Studies for a Neutrino Factory

The UK pro­gramme of high power tar­get de­vel­op­ments for a Neu­tri­no Fac­to­ry is cen­tred on the study of high-Z ma­te­ri­als (tung­sten, tan­ta­lum). A de­scrip­tion of life­time shock tests on can­di­date ma­te­ri­als is given as part of the re­search into a solid tar­get so­lu­tion. A fast high cur­rent pulse is ap­plied to a thin wire of the sam­ple ma­te­ri­al and the life­time mea­sured from the num­ber of puls­es be­fore fail­ure. These mea­sure­ments are made at tem­per­a­tures up to ~2000 K. The stress on the wire is cal­cu­lat­ed using the LS-DY­NA code and com­pared to the stress ex­pect­ed in the real Neu­tri­no Fac­to­ry tar­get. It has been found that tan­ta­lum is too weak to sus­tain pro­longed stress at these tem­per­a­tures but a tung­sten wire has reached over 26 mil­lion puls­es (equiv­a­lent to more than ten years of op­er­a­tion at the Neu­tri­no Fac­to­ry). An ac­count is given of the op­ti­mi­sa­tion of sec­ondary pion pro­duc­tion from the tar­get and the is­sues re­lat­ed to mount­ing the tar­get in the muon cap­ture solenoid and tar­get sta­tion are dis­cussed