Cross-talk between cd1d-restricted nkt cells and γδ cells in t regulatory cell response

CD1d is a non-classical major histocompatibility class 1-like molecule which primarily presents either microbial or endogenous glycolipid antigens to T cells involved in innate immunity. Natural killer T (NKT) cells and a subpopulation of γδ T cells expressing the Vγ4 T cell receptor (TCR) recognize CD1d. NKT and Vγ4 T cells function in the innate immune response via rapid activation subsequent to infection and secrete large quantities of cytokines that both help control infection and modulate the developing adaptive immune response. T regulatory cells represent one cell population impacted by both NKT and Vγ4 T cells. This review discusses the evidence that NKT cells promote T regulatory cell activation both through direct interaction of NKT cell and dendritic cells and through NKT cell secretion of large amounts of TGFβ, IL-10 and IL-2. Recent studies have shown that CD1d-restricted Vγ4 T cells, in contrast to NKT cells, selectively kill T regulatory cells through a caspase-dependent mechanism. Vγ4 T cell elimination of the T regulatory cell population allows activation of autoimmune CD8+ effector cells leading to severe cardiac injury in a coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) myocarditis model in mice. CD1d-restricted immunity can therefore lead to either immunosuppression or autoimmunity depending upon the type of innate effector dominating during the infection

Mechanical Behavior and Properties of Adipose Tissue

This chapter gives an overview of work on porcine adipose tissue that was performed at Eindhoven University of Technology. It demonstrates that only at very small strains, far away from the physiological strains we experience in daily live, the behavior is more or less linear and can be described with standard constitutive models. Long term oscillatory behavior and the behavior at large strains is more complex and currently a highly unexplored area. Adipose tissue is able to change its micro-structure such that at high strains or long times of harmonic excitation the material behavior changes drastically. This structural change is reversible after long periods of rest. The chapter is largely based on two papers by Geerligs et al. [3, 4].</p