Friends of hot Jupiters. II. No correspondence between hot-Jupiter spin-orbit misalignment and the incidence of directly imaged stellar companions

This is the final version of the article. Available from American Astronomical Society / IOP Publishing via the DOI in this record.Multi-star systems are common, yet little is known about a stellar companion's influence on the formation and evolution of planetary systems. For instance, stellar companions may have facilitated the inward migration of hot Jupiters toward to their present day positions. Many observed short-period gas giant planets also have orbits that are misaligned with respect to their star's spin axis, which has also been attributed to the presence of a massive outer companion on a non-coplanar orbit. We present the results of a multi-band direct imaging survey using Keck NIRC2 to measure the fraction of short-period gas giant planets found in multi-star systems. Over three years, we completed a survey of 50 targets ("Friends of Hot Jupiters") with 27 targets showing some signature of multi-body interaction (misaligned or eccentric orbits) and 23 targets in a control sample (well-aligned and circular orbits). We report the masses, projected separations, and confirmed common proper motion for the 19 stellar companions found around 17 stars. Correcting for survey incompleteness, we report companion fractions of 48% ± 9%, 47% ± 12%, and 51% ± 13% in our total, misaligned/eccentric, and control samples, respectively. This total stellar companion fraction is 2.8σ larger than the fraction of field stars with companions approximately 50-2000 AU. We observe no correlation between misaligned/eccentric hot Jupiter systems and the incidence of stellar companions. Combining this result with our previous radial velocity survey, we determine that 72% ± 16% of hot Jupiters are part of multi-planet and/or multi-star systems.This work was supported by NASA grant NNX14AD24G. H.N. is grateful for funding support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. J.A.J. gratefully acknowledges support from generous fellowships from the David & Lucile Packard and Alfred P. Sloan foundations

The classification of Information and Communication Technology Investment in Financial Accounting

Financial accounting is well known in its responsibility for book keeping the organisational expenditure and the preparation of the financial statements. ICT investment has become important to investors and not reporting these investments on financial statement leads to misevaluation of the organisation market value. Moreover, the misclassification of ICT investment has been indicated, yet not investigated in the past researches. The unreported ICT investment and the misclassification of ICT investment could affect the measurement of ICT investment at firm level. By analysing the content of the financial statement for 86 firms listing in Australian Stock Exchange, this study explains how ICT investments were being classified with the other investment in financial reports from 2006 to 2010. Differentiating between ICT asset and expense is an initial step into the understanding about the classification of ICT investment in financial accounting. The accounting standards requires the capitalisation conditions including future economic benefit, controllability, identifiability, existence, and reliability measurement to be justified for the expenditure before it can be capitalised as asset. The study use fuzzy set qualitative and comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyse the information collected from the experts in the accounting fields. Base on fsQCA analysis, the study is able to shows that the factors considered by the organisation to differentiate ICT asset from ICT expense is beyond the requirement in definition of asset stated in the International Accounting Standards and the Australian Accounting Standards