The Enforce and Protect Act: A Primer on the Administrative CBP Process and Summary of Judicial Decisions

Enacted in 2015, the Enforce and Protect Act (EAPA)1 gives U.S. Customs & Border Protection (CBP) enhanced tools to enforce U.S. antidumping and countervailing duty (AD/CVD) laws and to protect US industry, which has complained for years that importers and foreign sellers were evading US AD/CVD orders.2 From the point of view of many in US industry, by the time CBP took enforcement action, violators would disappear and CBP would be unable to collect AD/CVD owed for products imported into the United States.3 As a result, US industry would contend that the intended effects of the AD/CVD order, namely, a more level playing field, were often not realized. US industry successfully lobbied for Congress to give CBP increased powers to fight AD/CVD evasion. The EAPA is the result of those efforts. Prior to the EAPA, the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) and U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce) would conduct AD/CVD investigations and, if the results of the investigation warranted, Commerce would issue an AD/CVD order. Importers would, per the mandate of 19 U.S.C. � 1484,4 then exercise reasonable care and be required to determine whether the goods they import were subject to an AD/CVD order. A failure of an importer to exercise reasonable care subjected the importer to possible civil penalties under 19 U.S.C. � 1592 or, in more egregious (willful) cases, criminal prosecution under 18 U.S.C. � 545.

MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC SURFACE TENSION IN BUBBLING SYSTEMS

The static and dynamic surface tension was measured for aqueous solutions of eleven surface-active agents for the purpose of studying the effect of surface tension upon boiling heat transfer. The surfactants were chosen from the Tween, Aerosol, and Hyonic series. Dynamic surface tension, at T = 90 deg C, was investigated by observing the volume and frequency for air bubbles forming from a submerged orifice. Static surface tension, at T = 100 deg C, was measured using a duNouy tensiometer. In all cases, the dynamic surface tension for solutions of these surface active agents was less than the value for pure water, greater than the static value for the same concentration, and was a smoothly decreasing function of concentration. (auth

Neutrino oscillations in the Sun probe long-range leptonic forces

Lepton number charges might be the source of long range forces. If one accepts that neutrinos produced in the Sun do indeed oscillate while crossing the interior of the Sun, then the shift in the phase of the neutrino wavefunction caused by an hypothetical potential associated to the leptonic charge of the electrons in the Sun could affect the oscillation pattern beyond what is actually observed. We show that a "fine structure" constant $\alpha_{L}$ in excess of $6.4 \times 10^{-54}$ is incompatible with present observational data. This bound is not valid for forces whose range is shorter than the size of the Sun.Comment: 6 pages, no figures. References adde

Polarization properties and dispersion relations for spiral resonances of a dielectric rod

Dielectric microcavities based on cylindrical and deformed cylindrical shapes have been employed as resonators for microlasers. Such systems support spiral resonances with finite momentum along the cylinder axis. For such modes the boundary conditions do not separate and simple TM and TE polarization states do not exist. We formulate a theory for the dispersion relations and polarization properties of such resonances for an infinite dielectric rod of arbitrary cross-section and then solve for these quantities for the case of a circular cross-section (cylinder). Useful analytic formulas are obtained using the eikonal (Einstein-Brillouin-Keller) method which are shown to be excellent approximations to the exact results from the wave equation. The major finding is that the polarization of the radiation emitted into the far-field is linear up to a polarization critical angle (PCA) at which it changes to elliptical. The PCA always lies between the Brewster and total-internal-reflection angles for the dielectric, as is shown by an analysis based on the Jones matrices of the spiraling rays.Comment: submitted to JOSA

The different molecular structure and glycerol-to-fatty acid ratio of palm oils affect their nutritive value in broiler chicken diets

The aim of this study is to assess how the fat molecular structure and its glycerol-to-fatty acid ratio (G : FA) affect the fatty acid (FA) apparent absorption of palm oils in broiler chickens. The experimental diets were the result of a basal diet supplemented with 6% of different palm oils. Native palm oil (N), rich in triacylglycerols, was the positive control (T1), and acid palm oil (A), rich in free FA, was the negative control (T2). In order to improve the nutritive value of A, two different nutritional strategies were performed. The first strategy was achieved by adding increasing amounts of free glycerol (G) (4% (T3), 8% (T4) and 16% (T5)) to A, and the second one by adding increasing amounts of mono- (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG), coming from re-esterified palm oil (E) (40% (T6), 70% (T7), and 100% (T8)) to A. As a result, eight dietary treatments were formulated with a G : FA ratio ranging from 0.04 to 0.67. These treatments were randomly assigned to 192 one-day-old female broiler chickens (Ross 308), distributed in 48 cages. The results showed how, by keeping the G : FA ratio constant (0.33 mol/mol), the diet with a high MAG and DAG content (T7) achieved higher saturated FA apparent absorption values than did the diet with a high triacylglycerol content (T1) and this, in turn, more than did the diet with a high free FA content (T4). The behavior of oils with high or low G : FA ratio was dependent on whether G was in a free state or esterified as part of acylglycerol molecules. Thus, increasing amounts of G to A did not enhance the total FA apparent absorption, but rather quite the opposite, even impairing the absorption of mono- and polyunsaturated FA. However, increasing amounts of E (rich in MAG and DAG) to A (rich in FFA) did enhance total FA apparent absorption, primarily due to the increased absorption of saturated FA. In conclusion, the greater the G : FA ratio of a palm oil, the greater the absorption of total FA, as long as G is esterified as part of acylglycerol molecules. Thus, the re-esterification process for obtaining E makes sense in order to give added value to A, achieving even greater digestibility values than does its corresponding N