A two-stage stochastic programming with recourse model for determining robust planting plans in horticulture

A two-stage stochastic programming with recourse model for the problem of determining optimal planting plans for a vegetable crop is presented in this paper. Uncertainty caused by factors such as weather on yields is a major influence on many systems arising in horticulture. Traditional linear programming models are generally unsatisfactory in dealing with the uncertainty and produce solutions that are considered to involve an unacceptable level of risk. The first stage of the model relates to finding a planting plan which is common to all scenarios and the second stage is concerned with deriving a harvesting schedule for each scenario. Solutions are obtained for a range of risk aversion factors that not only result in greater expected profit compared to the corresponding deterministic model, but also are more robust

Doppler line profiles measurement of the Jovian Lyman Alpha emission with OAO-C

Observation of Jupiter made with the high resolution ultraviolet spectrometer of the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory copernicus in April and May, 1980, yield a Jovian Lyman alpha emission intensity of 7 + or 2.5 RR. This indicates a decrease by about a factor of two since the Voyager ultraviolet spectrometer measurements, nearly a year earlier. An unusually high column abundance of hydrogen atoms above the methane homopause at the Voyager epoch is indicated. Since the auroral charged particle bombardment of molecular hydrogen is expected to contribute significantly to the global population of the hydrogen atoms, it is suggested that at the time of the Voyager Jupiter encounter unusually high auroral activity existed, perhaps d to the high concentration of the Io plasma torus. The temporal variation of the Saturn lyman alpha emission, when contrasted with the Jovian data, reveals that the auroral processes are not nearly as important in determining the Saturn Lyman alpha intensity in the nonauroral region

Genetic Shift of Seedling Fluorescence in Ryegrass Over Seed Increase Generations

Seedling root fluorescence has generally been used to discriminate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) from Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum Lam.). The trait, however, has introgressed between the two species and breeders now determine fluorescence levels for new ryegrass cultivars. Our objective was to ascertain genetic change for fluorescence expression during generations of seed multiplication. Four ryegrass populations, differing in fluorescence levels, were increased three generations at each of three Oregon locations. Fluorescence levels were measured for each generation cycle at each location. Variation was present for fluorescence among locations within populations and for seed production generation within locations. One population, for example, initially at 10% fluorescence increased to 36% over three generations of seed multiplication at one location, but decreased to 8 and 2% at the other two locations. This large effect of location and seed generation on fluorescence expression must be examined and carefully considered when describing fluorescence levels of cultivars for seed certification

The Infra‐Red Absorption Spectrum of Boron Trifluoride

The infra‐red absorption spectrum of BF3 has been studied under high resolution from 400 cm—1 to 3000 cm—1. The active fundamentals v2, v3 and v4 and the overtone 2v3 have been observed. The parallel fundamental v2 has been partially resolved and the value of the moment of inertia A found to be 79×10—40 g cm2. The B☒F distance is 1.29×10—8 cm. The isotope effect due to the two isotopes of boron was observed in all bands. The appearance of the unresolved bands v4 and 2v3 is shown to be greatly influenced by the interaction between vibration and rotation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70698/2/JCPSA6-7-7-455-1.pd

Astrophysical SS factor for the 15N(p,γ)16O{}^{15}{\rm N}(p,\gamma){}^{16}{\rm O} reaction from RR-matrix analysis and asymptotic normalization coefficient for 16O→15N+p{}^{16}{\rm O} \to {}^{15}{\rm N} + p. Is any fit acceptable?

The $^{15}{\rm N}(p,\gamma)^{16}{\rm O}$ reaction provides a path from the CN cycle to the CNO bi-cycle and CNO tri-cycle. The measured astrophysical factor for this reaction is dominated by resonant capture through two strong $J^{\pi}=1^{-}$ resonances at $E_{R}= 312$ and 962 keV and direct capture to the ground state. Recently, a new measurement of the astrophysical factor for the $^{15}{\rm N}(p,\gamma)^{16}{\rm O}$ reaction has been published [P. J. LeBlanc {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. {\bf C 82}, 055804 (2010)]. The analysis has been done using the $R$-matrix approach with unconstrained variation of all parameters including the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC). The best fit has been obtained for the square of the ANC $C^{2}= 539.2$ fm${}^{-1}$, which exceeds the previously measured value by a factor of $\approx 3$. Here we present a new $R$-matrix analysis of the Notre Dame-LUNA data with the fixed within the experimental uncertainties square of the ANC $C^{2}=200.34$ fm${}^{-1}$. Rather than varying the ANC we add the contribution from a background resonance that effectively takes into account contributions from higher levels. Altogether we present 8 fits, five unconstrained and three constrained. In all the fits the ANC is fixed at the previously determined experimental value $C^{2}=200.34$ fm${}^{-1}$. For the unconstrained fit with the boundary condition $B_{c}=S_{c}(E_{2})$, where $E_{2}$ is the energy of the second level, we get $S(0)=39.0 \pm 1.1$ keVb and normalized ${\tilde \chi}^{2}=1.84$, i.e. the result which is similar to [P. J. LeBlanc {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. {\bf C 82}, 055804 (2010)]. From all our fits we get the range $33.1 \leq S(0) \leq 40.1$ keVb which overlaps with the result of [P. J. LeBlanc {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. {\bf C 82}, 055804 (2010)]. We address also physical interpretation of the fitting parameters.Comment: Submitted to PR

Less-structured time in children's daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning.

Executive functions (EFs) in childhood predict important life outcomes. Thus, there is great interest in attempts to improve EFs early in life. Many interventions are led by trained adults, including structured training activities in the lab, and less-structured activities implemented in schools. Such programs have yielded gains in children's externally-driven executive functioning, where they are instructed on what goal-directed actions to carry out and when. However, it is less clear how children's experiences relate to their development of self-directed executive functioning, where they must determine on their own what goal-directed actions to carry out and when. We hypothesized that time spent in less-structured activities would give children opportunities to practice self-directed executive functioning, and lead to benefits. To investigate this possibility, we collected information from parents about their 6-7 year-old children's daily, annual, and typical schedules. We categorized children's activities as "structured" or "less-structured" based on categorization schemes from prior studies on child leisure time use. We assessed children's self-directed executive functioning using a well-established verbal fluency task, in which children generate members of a category and can decide on their own when to switch from one subcategory to another. The more time that children spent in less-structured activities, the better their self-directed executive functioning. The opposite was true of structured activities, which predicted poorer self-directed executive functioning. These relationships were robust (holding across increasingly strict classifications of structured and less-structured time) and specific (time use did not predict externally-driven executive functioning). We discuss implications, caveats, and ways in which potential interpretations can be distinguished in future work, to advance an understanding of this fundamental aspect of growing up

Muon-Induced Background Study for an Argon-Based Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment

We evaluated rates of transversing muons, muon-induced fast neutrons, and production of $^{40}$Cl and other cosmogenically produced nuclei that pose as potential sources of background to the physics program proposed for an argon-based long baseline neutrino experiment at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The Geant4 simulations were carried out with muons and muon-induced neutrons for both 800 ft (0.712 km.w.e.) and 4850 ft levels (4.3 km.w.e.). We developed analytic models to independently calculate the $^{40}$Cl production using the measured muon fluxes at different levels of the Homestake mine. The muon induced $^{40}$Cl production rates through stopped muon capture and the muon-induced neutrons and protons via (n,p) and (p,n) reactions were evaluated. We find that the Monte Carlo simulated production rates of $^{40}$Cl agree well with the predictions from analytic models. A depth-dependent parametrization was developed and benchmarked to the direct analytic models. We conclude that the muon-induced processes will result in large backgrounds to the physics proposed for an argon-based long baseline neutrino experiment at a depth of less than 4.0 km.w.e.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figure

Finding a middle ground on prostitution.

Decriminalization would provide a practical response to contemporary prostitution in Canada. The challenge is overcoming entrenched views on the subject