АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПАРКА ВЫКЛЮЧАТЕЛЕЙ

Breakers relate to Electric Power Systems’ equipment, the reliability of which influence, to a great extend, on reliability of Power Plants. In particular, the breakers determine structural reliability of switchgear circuit of Power Stations and network substations. Failure in short-circuit switching off by breaker with further failure of reservation unit or system of long-distance protection lead quite often to system emergency.The problem of breakers’ reliability improvement and the reduction of maintenance expenses is becoming ever more urgent in conditions of systematic increasing of maintenance cost and repair expenses of oil circuit and air-break circuit breakers. The main direction of this problem solution is the improvement of diagnostic control methods and organization of on-condition maintenance. But this demands to use a great amount of statistic information about nameplate data of breakers and their operating conditions, about their failures, testing and repairing, advanced developments (software) of computer technologies and specific automated information system (AIS).The new AIS with AISV logo was developed at the department: “Reliability of power equipment” of AzRDSI of Energy. The main features of AISV are:· to provide the security and data base accuracy;· to carry out systematic control of breakers conformity with operating conditions;· to make the estimation of individual  reliability’s value and characteristics of its changing for given combination of characteristics variety;· to provide personnel, who is responsible for technical maintenance of breakers, not only with information but also with methodological support, including recommendations for the given problem solving  and advanced methods for its realization.Выключатели относятся к перечню оборудования энергосистем, надежность которых оказывает существенное влияние на надежность электроустановок. В частности, выключатели определяют структурную надежность схем распределительных устройств электростанций и сетевых подстанций. Отказ в отключении выключателем тока короткого замыкания с последующим отказом устройства резервирования отказов выключателей или защиты дальнего резервирования нередко приводит к системной аварии.В условиях систематического увеличения эксплуатационных затрат на техническое обслуживание и ремонт масляных и воздушных выключателей проблема повышения их надежности и сокращения расходов на эксплуатацию приобретает большую актуальность. Одним из основных направлений решения этой проблемы является совершенствование методов диагностического контроля и организации ремонтов по техническому состоянию. Однако это требует привлечения большого количества статистической информации о паспортных данных и условиях эксплуатации выключателей, об их отказах, испытаниях и ремонтах, разработки компьютерных технологий и специализированных автоматизированных информационных систем (АИС).В отделе «Надежность энергетического оборудования» АзНИПИИ энергетики разработана новая АИС с логотипом АИСВ. Отличительными особенностями АИСВ являются:· обеспечение безопасности и безошибочности базы данных;· проведение периодического контроля соответствия выключателей условиям эксплуатации;· проведение оценки показателей индивидуальной надежности и характеристик их изменения для заданного сочетания разновидностей признаков;· обеспечение не только информационной, но и методической поддержки персонала, ответственного за контроль технического состояния выключателей, как путем рекомендации результата решения эксплуатационной задачи, так и представлением возможности уточнения соответствия принимаемого решения современным правилам и методическим указаниям

Features of parameters of cellular immune depending on the activity of foci of demyelination in children with multiple sclerosis

MS is a common disease of the central nervous system that leads to disability and reduced quality of life. The debut of disease in 3-5% of patients occurs in childhood and has a less favorable course compared to adults. MS is caused by the activation of autoreactive T cells in the breakdown of peripheral tolerance, which is normally controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs). It is promising to study expression of CD39 and CD73 in Treg and Th17 populations to assess their suppressive activity. Aim is to evaluate content of major and minor lymphocyte populations and expression of CD39 and CD73 in CD4+ lymphocyte population in children with MS. 111 children with MS were examined, 66 with contrast-negative lesions on MRI (Group 1), 45 with contrast-positive lesions (Group 2). The comparison group consisted of 46 healthy children (Group 3). Content of T, B, NK lymphocytes, Treg (CD4+CD25highCD127low), Thact (CD4+CD25highCD127high), Th17 cells (CD3+CD4+CD161+); expression of CD39 and CD73 in Treg, Th17 and Thact was performed by flow cytometry. An increase in content of T helpers, a decrease in NK cells in patients in group 2 was revealed. An increase in number of Thact and Th17 lymphocytes was obtained in patients of both groups with MS. Number of Tregs in group 1 was significantly higher than in group 3. Ratio of cells expressing CD39 and CD73 in MS patients depended on lymphocyte population as well as in the group 3. The highest content of CD39+ cells was observed in Treg population, and the lowest in Thact population. For CD73 expression, on the contrary, the highest expression of CD73 was observed in Thact cells, the lowest in Treg. When comparing groups of patients, it was found that in patients of group 1, number of cells expressing CD39 ectonucleotidase was significantly increased, and number of supTh17 was comparable with group 3. In both groups of MS patients, an increase in CD73 counts in Treg, Thact and Th17 was observed. Thus, informative populations of lymphocytes (CD4+ cells, Treg, CD39+Treg, supTh17) have been identified, which can be used to monitor condition of children with multiple sclerosis

Оценка отдаленных клинико-функциональных изменений у пациентов, перенесших тяжелое COVID-19-ассоциированное поражение легких

The problem of long COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) has been highly relevant for the healthcare system in the last three years. The persistence of respiratory symptoms, radiological and functional changes in COVID-19 patients brings new challenges to the entire medical community. The aim of the study is to explore long-term clinical and functional changes in patients with severe COVID-19-associated lung injury, including assessment of functional and radiological abnormalities of the respiratory system, as well as persistent clinical symptoms a year after the acute phase of the disease. Methods. The study included 45 patients who were examined 3, 6 and 12 months after COVID-19 with severe lung damage (more than 50% according to chest CT in the acute phase of the disease). Patients underwent multispiral computed tomography of the chest organs, a comprehensive study of respiratory function (spirography, body plethysmography and diffusion test); the clinical symptoms were assessed. Results. Chest CT scans showed gradual regression of pathological changes during the follow-up. However, radiographic changes of varying severity persisted after 12 months of follow-up in 51% of patients. A year later, restrictive disorders persisted in 20% of patients and the diffusion capacity of the lungs was reduced in 69% of patients. At the same time, a statistically significant difference in the DLСО level was observed between 3, 6 and 12 months. The severity of dyspnea decreased 1 year after hospitalization in 48% of patients. Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrate a gradual regression of both radiological and functional pathological changes during the 1st year. However, CT changes and deviations of the respiratory function persist in some patients, mainly in the form of a decrease in DLСО, which necessitates further monitoring of this group of patients.Проблема длительного течения COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) сохраняет свою актуальность для системы здравоохранения, а перед медицинским сообществом поставлены новые задачи, связанные с персистированием респираторных симптомов, рентгенологических и функциональных изменений у лиц, перенесших новую коронавирусную инфекцию (НКИ). Целью исследования явилось изучение отдаленных клинико-функциональных изменений у пациентов, перенесших тяжелое COVID-19-ассоциированное поражение легких, с оценкой функциональных и рентгенологических отклонений системы дыхания, а также сохраняющейся клинической симптоматики через 1 год после острой фазы заболевания. Материалы и методы. В исследование включены пациенты (n = 45), обследованные через 3, 6 и 12 мес. после перенесенной НКИ с тяжелым поражением легких (> 50 % по данным компьютерной томографии (КТ) органов грудной клетки (ОГК) в острую фазу заболевания). Выполнялись мультиспиральная компьютерная томография ОГК, комплексное исследование функции внешнего дыхания (ФВД) (спирография, бодиплетизмография и диффузионный тест), оценивалась клиническая симптоматика. Результаты. За время наблюдения по данным КТ ОГК отмечался постепенный регресс патологических изменений, однако через 12 мес. наблюдения у 51 % пациентов рентгенологические изменения различной степени тяжести сохранялись. Через 1 год рестриктивные нарушения сохранялись у 20 % пациентов, а диффузионная способность легких по монооксиду углерода (DLСО) оказалась сниженной у 69 %. При этом статистически значимое различие уровня DLСО наблюдалось между 3-м, 6-м и 12-м месяцами наблюдения. Через 1 год после госпитализации у 48 % пациентов уменьшилась выраженность одышки. Заключение. В течение 1-го года наблюдения продемонстрирован постепенный регресс рентгенологических и функциональных изменений, однако у части пациентов сохраняются КТ-изменения и нарушения ФВД, преимущественно в виде снижения DLСО, при которых требуется дальнейшее наблюдение

Electronic properties and phase transitions in low-dimensional semiconductors

We present the first review of the current state of the literature on electronic properties and phase transitions in TlX and TlMX2 (M = Ga, In; X = Se, S, Te) compounds. These chalcogenides belong to a family of the low-dimensional semiconductors possessing chain or layered structure. They are of significant interest because of their highly anisotropic properties, semi- and photoconductivity, non-linear effects in their I-V characteristics (including a region of negative differential resistance), switching and memory effects, second harmonic optical generation, relaxor behavior and potential applications for optoelectronic devices. We review the crystal structure of TlX and TlMX2 compounds, their transport properties under ambient conditions, experimental and theoretical studies of the electronic structure, transport properties and semiconductor-metal phase transitions under high pressure, and sequences of temperature-induced structural phase transitions with intermediate incommensurate states. Electronic nature of the ferroelectric phase transitions in the above-mentioned compounds, as well as relaxor behavior, nanodomains and possible occurrence of quantum dots in doped and irradiated crystals is discussed.Comment: 70 pages, 38 figure

СПОСОБ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ОСТРЫХ КИШЕЧНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ У НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ ДЕТЕЙ

In this article development of mathematical model of diagnosis of sharp intestinal infections in newborn children depending on the nature of the infectious agent is described. All risk factors promoting development of intestinal infections were considered. By means of a method of logical regression the medico-mathematical model the express of diagnosis of sharp intestinal infections in newborn children was developed.Разработана математическая модель диагностики острых кишечных инфекций у новорожденных детей в зависимости от природы инфекционного агента. Были рассмотрены все факторы риска, способствующие развитию кишечных инфекций. С помощью метода логической регрессии была разработана медико-математическая модель экспресс диагностики острых кишечных инфекций у новорожденных детей, что значительно сокращает сроки постановки верного диагноза и начала лечения.

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8–13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05–6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50–75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Military Prisoners Of The Austro-hungarian And German Armies In Khujand

The article examines the prisoners of war of the First World War in the Khujand district in the Fergana Valley for 5-7 years

AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF BREAKERS

Breakers relate to Electric Power Systems’ equipment, the reliability of which influence, to a great extend, on reliability of Power Plants. In particular, the breakers determine structural reliability of switchgear circuit of Power Stations and network substations. Failure in short-circuit switching off by breaker with further failure of reservation unit or system of long-distance protection lead quite often to system emergency.The problem of breakers’ reliability improvement and the reduction of maintenance expenses is becoming ever more urgent in conditions of systematic increasing of maintenance cost and repair expenses of oil circuit and air-break circuit breakers. The main direction of this problem solution is the improvement of diagnostic control methods and organization of on-condition maintenance. But this demands to use a great amount of statistic information about nameplate data of breakers and their operating conditions, about their failures, testing and repairing, advanced developments (software) of computer technologies and specific automated information system (AIS).The new AIS with AISV logo was developed at the department: “Reliability of power equipment” of AzRDSI of Energy. The main features of AISV are:· to provide the security and data base accuracy;· to carry out systematic control of breakers conformity with operating conditions;· to make the estimation of individual  reliability’s value and characteristics of its changing for given combination of characteristics variety;· to provide personnel, who is responsible for technical maintenance of breakers, not only with information but also with methodological support, including recommendations for the given problem solving  and advanced methods for its realization