EPDM/EVA thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) – effect of vinyl acetate content and oil extension on blend properties

Przedmiotem badań opisanych w artykule są wulkanizaty termoplastyczne z udziałem kauczuku etylenowo-propylenowo-dienowego (EPDM) i kopolimeru polietylenu z octanem winylu (EVA), wytworzone w procesie jednoetapowym metodą ciągłego wytłaczania. Zbadano wpływ składu mieszanki oraz stopnia zmiękczenia kauczuku olejem na właściwości wulkanizatów. Prowadzono równolegle badania dwóch serii mieszanek o zróżnicowanym udziale jednostek octanu winylu (VA) w EVA. Określono wpływ składu, stopnia zmiękczenia olejem i rodzaju EVA na podstawowe właściwości mechaniczne i zużycie ścierne badanych wulkanizatów. Metodą dynamicznej analizy mechaniczno-termicznej (DMTA) wyznaczono wartości przemian relaksacyjnych. Materiały wytworzono i badano pod kątem ich potencjalnego zastosowania jako nawierzchnie sportowe i wyroby techniczne.Rubber compounds based on EPDM rubber and thermoplastic component – olefin copolymer-ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) were prepared. All blends were prepared in one-step by continuous extrusion process. Present study deals with the effect of component ratio and oil extension on the properties of mentioned systems. In addition, the effect of vinyl acetate (VA) content on EPDM/EVA blend properties was studied to investigate the change in the extent of the modification. The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile and hardness tests. The influence of composition on tribological properties was examined. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements were conducted, for the purpose of structure evaluation. The materials were prepared and tested for their potential use as sport surfaces and technical products

Modification of substandard EPDM with amorphous thermoplastic polyesters (PETG and PEF): microstructure and physical properties

The phase morphology, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of two series of polymer blends based on ethylene/propylene/diene rubber (EPDM) and amorphous homologues of poly(ethylene terephthalate), i.e. glycol modifi ed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) and poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), were investigated. The morphology of the blends shows a two phase structure in which the minor phase (amorphous polyester) is dispersed as domains in the major (EPDM) continuous matrix phase. Differential calorimetry studies confi rmed that both systems were immiscible and exhibits two glass transitions. The melting peak area of EPDM in the blends decreased as the amount of the other component increased. The values of stress at strain of 100% were improved upon the increasing content of PETG in EPDM system, while only slight decrease of this value was observed. Moreover, the strong improvement of hardness and thermo-oxidative stability along with an increasing content of amorphous polyester phase was reported

Modification of substandard EPDM with amorphous thermoplastic polyesters (PETG and PEF): microstructure and physical properties

The phase morphology, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of two series of polymer blends based on ethylene/propylene/diene rubber (EPDM) and amorphous homologues of poly(ethylene terephthalate), i.e. glycol modifi ed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) and poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), were investigated. The morphology of the blends shows a two phase structure in which the minor phase (amorphous polyester) is dispersed as domains in the major (EPDM) continuous matrix phase. Differential calorimetry studies confi rmed that both systems were immiscible and exhibits two glass transitions. The melting peak area of EPDM in the blends decreased as the amount of the other component increased. The values of stress at strain of 100% were improved upon the increasing content of PETG in EPDM system, while only slight decrease of this value was observed. Moreover, the strong improvement of hardness and thermo-oxidative stability along with an increasing content of amorphous polyester phase was reported

Nanokompozyty poli(tereftalan butylenu)/nanorurki węglowe. Cz. I. Funkcjonalizacja nanorurek węglowych i synteza in situ

Functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been carried out. As a functionalization agent epoxy peroxide was used. The success of the MWCNTs functionalization was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) based nanocomposites have been prepared by a two-step melt polycondensation method (in situ synthesis). The nanocomposites containing from 0.1 to 0.3 wt % of modified (EpMWCNTs) and unmodified (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes were prepared.Przeprowadzono funkcjonalizację wielościennych nanorurek węglowych (MWCNT) przy użyciu epoksynadtlenku i potwierdzono jej efektywność metodami spektroskopii Ramana i analizy termograwimetrycznej (TGA). Następnie metodą polikondensacji w stanie stopionym (synteza in situ) otrzymano nanokompozyty na osnowie poli(tereftalanu butylenu) (PBT) z udziałem 0,1—0,3 % mas. modyfikowanych (EpMWCNT) lub niemodyfikowanych wielościennych nanorurek węglowych (MWCNT)

Technology of single polymer polyester composites and proposals for their recycling

A single polymer composite comprises a composite built out of fibres and a matrix, both made of the same or a very similar polymer material, where the components may differ with: molecular mass, density or branching degree. Such thermoplastic composites provide the beneficial mechanical characteristics required for reinforced materials, and their great advantage is the ease of full material recycling after the end of use. The aim of the presented work is to provide a description of the manufacturing technology, with a definition of the possibility for the waste of single polymer polyester composites to undergo a full material recycling process, oriented towards use in shipbuilding. A proposed idea for recycling is in the preparatory stage and its assumptions and the process followed will be the subject of a patent application. This work forms part of the studies realized in the scope of the REP-SAIL Project under the ERA-NET Transport III Initiative Future Travelling, carried out at the Maritime University of Szczecin, and the prepared doctoral thesis entitled “Manufacturing, shaping of operational properties and recycling of single polymer composite materials”

Nanokompozyty poli(tereftalan butylenu)/nanorurki węglowe. Cz. II. Struktura i właściwości

The properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) based nanocomposites filled with MWCNTs (multiwall carbon nanotubes) and epoxy peroxide functionalized MWCNTs (EpMWCNTs) have been studied. The analysis was focused on the influence of EpMWCNTs on the phase structure, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of synthesized materials. Functionalized MWCNTs were observed to be highly dispersed and well integrated in the PBT matrix. Obtained results demonstrate that the incorporation of EpMWCNTs into the PBT matrix yields materials of enhanced thermo-oxidative stability. It was found that the crystallization temperature for all the obtained nanocomposites is slightly higher than that for the neat polymer. Increasing the concentration of nanofiller in both MWCNT and EpMWCNT systems improved the mechanical properties Young's modulus, tensile strength and fracture strain. The electrical conductivity of nanocomposites decreased due to the functionalization of MWCNTs with epoxy peroxide.Scharakteryzowano, otrzymane w Cz. I., nanokompozyty na osnowie poli(tereftalanu butylenu) (PBT) napełnionej wielościennymi nanorurkami węglowymi, niemodyfikowanymi (MWCNT) lub funkcjonalizowanymi epoksynadtlenkiem (EpMWCNT). Zbadano wpływ EpMWCNT na strukturę fazową, właściwości termiczne, mechaniczne i elektryczne otrzymanych materiałów. Potwierdzono dobrą dyspersję i integrację EpMWCNT w matrycy PBT. Otrzymane wyniki świadczą o korzystnym wpływie funkcjonalizowanych nanorurek węglowych na stabilność termooksydacyjną materiału. Temperatura krystalizacji każdego z wytworzonych nanokompozytów jest wyższa niż nienapełnionego polimeru. Zaobserwowano poprawę właściwości mechanicznych nanokompozytów zarówno z MWCNT, jak i z EpMWCNT ze zwiększeniem zawartości nanonapełniacza. Nanokompozyty z udziałem nanorurek sfunkcjonalizowanych epoksynadtlenkiem wykazały gorsze przewodnictwo elektryczne niż nanokompozyty z udziałem nanorurek niemodyfikowanych

Oznaczanie użyteczności wodorozpuszczalnych klejów do etykiet

Two-step method for comparative studies of water-soluble adhesives for labels was developed. Proposed method encompasses test and evaluation (five-point scale) of adhesion and peel-off time in water under certain conditions. The results of adhesion of acrylic water-soluble pressure-sensitive adhesives for various types of substrate (PET, glass, stainless steel) and peel-off time of selected model labels (paper, laminated paper, PET) are presented. The proposed method is quick and effective in determination the usefulness of adhesives for labels.Opracowano dwuetapową metodę porównawczą badania wodnorozpuszczalnych klejów do etykiet. Obejmuje ona badanie oraz ocenę (w skali pięciostopniowej) przyczepności (adhezji) oraz możliwości odrywania w określonych warunkach. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki adhezji kleju wodnorozpuszczalnego na bazie poliakrylanu do różnych typów podłoża (PET, szkło, stal) oraz czas odklejania wybranych modeli etykiet (papier, papier laminowany, PET). Zaproponowana metoda pozwala na szybkie i skutecznie określenie użyteczności kleju do etykiet dla danego typu podłoża

Synteza i charakterystyka nowych reaktywnych mieszanin polimerowych opartych na poużytkowych foliach z poli(tereftalanu etylenu) oraz poli(tlenku tetrametylenu)

Two series of reactive polymer blends based on post-consumer glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) were prepared in order to investigate the possibility of utilization of waste PETG foils from the packaging industry. The resulting copolymer consisted of hard segments based on PETG and soft segments of PTMO, the latter accounted for 25, 35 or 50 percent of the total mass. The effects of the content and length of the soft segments derived from poly(oxybutylene) glycol, with molecular weights of 1000 or 2000, on the structure and thermal properties of the resulting materials were investigated.Przygotowano dwie serie reaktywnych mieszanin polimerowych na bazie poużytkowej folii z poli(tereftalanu etylenu) modyfikowanego glikolem (PETG) oraz poli(tlenku tetrametylenu) (PTMO) w celu zbadania możliwości zagospodarowania odpadowych folii PETG z przemysłu opakowaniowego. PETG stanowił w kopolimerze segmenty sztywne, a PTMO segmenty giętkie, których udział wynosił 25, 35 lub 50 % mas. Zbadano wpływ udziału segmentów giętkich oraz długości ich łańcuchów, pochodzących z glikolu polioksybutylenowego o masie molowej odpowiednio 1000 g/mol lub 2000 g/mol, na strukturę oraz właściwości termiczne otrzymanych materiałów

Dielectric spectroscopy of novel bio-based aliphatic-aromatic block copolymers: Poly(butylene terephthalate)-b-poly(lactic acid)

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy has been used to characterize in deep the relaxation behavior of novel bio-based aliphatic-aromatic block copolymers based on poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The results indicate that the copolymerization decreases the ability to crystallize of the resulting block copolymer. The $\alpha$ relaxation of the block copolymers is consistent with this fact exhibiting initially the characteristics features of an amorphous polymeric material cold crystallizing upon heating. The cold crystallization can be easily visualized by dielectric spectroscopy by a discontinuous and abrupt change of the shape parameters of the $\alpha$ relaxation. The sub-glass dynamics of the block copolymers is complex and be ascribed to a $\beta$ relaxation composed of two local modes, $\beta_{1}$ and $\beta_{2}$, which can be assigned to the relaxation in PBT of the bond between the ester oxygen and the aliphatic carbon and to the bond between the aromatic ring carbon to the ester carbon, respectively. With increasing amount of the PLA block the crystallinity decreases as well as the activation energy of the $\beta_{1}$ mode approaching the expected value for amorphous PBT. On the contrary, the activation energy for the $\beta_{2}$ exhibits an unexpected increase as the amount of PLA increases. This effect has been explained by considering that at lower temperatures the $\beta_{2}$ mode of PBT is the more significant while at higher temperatures the $\beta$ relaxation of the PLA block becomes the dominant one