The stages of the peptic hydrolysis of egg albumin

1. Most of the products of the peptic hydrolysis of albumin, about 85 per cent of the total N, are primary in the sense that they arise directly from the protein molecule, and undergo no further hydrolysis. 2. A slow secondary hydrolysis, involving about 15 per cent of the total N, occurs in the proteose and simpler fractions primarily split off. 3. Acid metaprotein in peptic hydrolysis arises as a result of the action of add. It is not an essential stage in the hydrolysis of undenatured albumin. 4. Acid metaprotein is hydrolyzed by pepsin more slowly under comparable conditions than undenatured albumin

Public Health Informatics in Local and State Health Agencies: An Update From the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey

OBJECTIVE: To characterize public health informatics (PHI) specialists and identify the informatics needs of the public health workforce. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: US local and state health agencies. PARTICIPANTS: Employees from state health agencies central office (SHA-COs) and local health departments (LHDs) participating in the 2017 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS). We characterized and compared the job roles for self-reported PHI, "information technology specialist or information system manager" (IT/IS), "public health science" (PHS), and "clinical and laboratory" workers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Descriptive statistics for demographics, income, education, public health experience, program area, job satisfaction, and workplace environment, as well as data and informatics skills and needs. RESULTS: A total of 17 136 SHA-CO and 26 533 LHD employees participated in the survey. PHI specialist was self-reported as a job role among 1.1% and 0.3% of SHA-CO and LHD employees. The PHI segment most closely resembled PHS employees but had less public health experience and had lower salaries. Overall, fewer than one-third of PHI specialists reported working in an informatics program area, often supporting epidemiology and surveillance, vital records, and communicable disease. Compared with PH WINS 2014, current PHI respondents' satisfaction with their job and workplace environment moved toward more neutral and negative responses, while the IT/IS, PHS, and clinical and laboratory subgroups shifted toward more positive responses. The PHI specialists were less likely than those in IT/IS, PHS, or clinical and laboratory roles to report gaps in needed data and informatics skills. CONCLUSIONS: The informatics specialists' role continues to be rare in public health agencies, and those filling that role tend to have less public health experience and be less well compensated than staff in other technically focused positions. Significant data and informatics skills gaps persist among the broader public health workforce

The effect of varying the source spectrum of a gravity wave parameterization in a middle atmosphere general circulation model

Climate simulations of the middle atmosphere circulation with general circulation models are now starting to include parameterizations of the momentum flux deposition due to unresolved gravity wave spectra. A current uncertainty in the application of such parameterizations is the specification of the imposed gravity wave spectrum. The aim of this work is to quantify the effect of varying within a realistic range the source spectrum of a gravity wave parameterization in a general circulation model. Results from two simulations with the gravity wave spectrum launched at two different heights, the surface and the 110-hPa pressure level, respectively, are compared. Noteworthy differences found in the simulated middle atmosphere response include the following (1) The average temperature in the southern winter upper stratosphere is about 40 K warmer in the experiment with the surface as the launching height, virtually eliminating the typical cold polar bias that affects many general circulation models. (2) Stronger easterlies in the subtropical summer mesosphere, again in the experiment with the surface as the launching height. Diagnostics of the parameterized gravity waves indicate that in the experiment with the surface as the launching height, the net zonal momentum flux transported by the gravity waves is negative just above the troposphere at middle latitudes. This negative net momentum flux facilitates the deceleration of the mesospheric winter westerlies. The meridional circulation induced by such deceleration is thereafter responsible for the substantial polar winter warming. In contrast, in summer the negative net momentum flux limits the upper mesospheric deceleration of the easterlies. In the experiment with launching height at 110-hPa, the gravity wave net momentum flux is instead zero by construction at the launching height

An Abbreviated Catalogue of the Australian Bats in the Collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, California, USA.

The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM) is the repository for some 90,000 mammal specimens of world-wide provenance, and is particularly strong in its collections of Chiroptera. As the result of numerous collecting expeditions undertaken by one of us (KES) since 1954, a substantial representation of Australian bats has been assembled. It is our intent in this paper to bring these collections to the attention of our Australian colleagues, so that this biogeographic and systematic resource might be more widely used

Effects of Endophyte in Perennial Ryegrass on Pasture Establishment and Botanical Composition in Victoria

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants, which contained an endophyte (Acremonium lolli), established at higher plant densities than ryegrass plants which seldom contained endophyte. Presence of endophyle did not affect ryegrass planl dry weight or tiller number. Application of phosphatic fertiliser, increased seeding rate, or use of seed which frequently contained endophyte could increase ryegrass tillers/m2• The growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), sown with the ryegrass, was reduced when endophyle was presenl in the grass. It is postulaled that the weaker growth of subterranean clover would prejudice its seed production and hence reduce the long-term persistence of clover

The Quaternary Bone Caves and Associated Sites at Wallingford, Jamaica

A group of caves associated with the sink of the One Eye River in St. Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica, have been the subject of numerous important palaeontological investigations beginning 1919. Unfortunately, considerable confusion has arisen in the literature through inadequate documentation of different sites. The caves of the immediate area are described and located, and their palaeontological significance is summarised in the light of recent taxonomic review and relevant geochronological evidence

Amblyrhiza and the Vertebrate Paleontology of Anguillean Caves

Recorded interest in the caves of Anguilla dates back to the second half of the nineteenth century. The earliest explorations were concerned with the locating phosphatic cave earths, and resulted in the mining of several sites. Incidental to this work, the bones of the largest island rodent ever discovered were collected from Aguillan caves. Whereas the phosphate mining operations were short-lived, the remains of the giant rodent Amblyrhiza have catalyzed a continued interest in the caves of Anguilla. The most recent series of explorations have provided the first adequate documentation of Amhlyrhiza fossil sites, and have started to yield radiometric dates

Identifying and treating high blood pressure in men under 55 years with grade 1 hypertension: the TREAT CASP study and RCT

Background: There is uncertainty regarding whether or not younger (i.e. aged < 55 years), low-risk patients with grade 1 hypertension (i.e. a clinic blood pressure of 140–159/90–99 mmHg) should be treated with blood pressure-lowering medication. This is a heterogeneous group of patients because of variation in systolic/pulse pressure amplification from the central aorta to the brachial artery. It is hypothesised that within grade 1 hypertension, patients can be divided into those with high central aortic systolic pressure and those with low central aortic systolic pressure. Objectives: The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate whether or not non-invasive central aortic systolic pressure measurement can better identify younger patients with grade 1 hypertension, who are more likely to have an increased left ventricular mass index; and (2) determine whether or not blood pressure lowering regresses early cardiac structural change in patients with high central aortic systolic pressure. Setting: A university hospital with satellite primary care recruitment sites. Participants: A total of 726 men (aged 18 to < 55 years) were screened to identify 162 men with grade 1 hypertension and low or high central aortic systolic pressure. Blood pressure status was classified according to seated clinic blood pressure, central aortic systolic pressure and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Design: (1) Evaluating the strength of the correlation between central aortic systolic pressure, clinic blood pressure and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure with left ventricular mass index in 162 patients; (2) a 12-month randomised controlled trial in patients with grade 1 hypertension and high central aortic systolic pressure (i.e. a central aortic systolic pressure of ≥ 125 mmHg) (n = 105), using a prospective, open, blinded, end-point design; and (3) a 12-month observational study in 57 patients with grade 1 hypertension and low central aortic systolic pressure (i.e. a central aortic systolic pressure of < 125 mmHg). Interventions: Randomised controlled trial – patients with high central aortic systolic pressure randomised to blood pressure lowering medication (50–100 mg of losartan ± 5–10 mg of amlodipine once daily) versus usual care (no treatment) for 12 months. Main outcomes: Randomised controlled trial primary end point – change in left ventricular mass index as measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, comparing treatment with no treatment. Results: (1) At baseline, left ventricular mass index was higher in men with high central aortic systolic pressure than in those with low central aortic systolic pressure (mean ± standard deviation 67.9 ± 8.8 g/m2 vs. 64.0 ± 8.5 g/m2; difference 4.0 g/m2, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 6.9 g/m2; p < 0.01). Central aortic systolic pressure was not superior to clinic blood pressure as a determinant of left ventricular mass index. Univariate analysis, regression coefficients and slopes for left ventricular mass index were similar for clinic systolic blood pressure, ambulatory systolic blood pressure and central aortic systolic pressure. (2) In the randomised controlled trial, blood pressure-lowering treatment reduced central aortic systolic pressure (–21.1 mmHg, 95% confidence interval – 24.4 to –17.9 mmHg; p < 0.001) and clinic systolic blood pressure (–20.0  mmHg, 95% confidence interval – 23.3 to –16.6 mmHg; p < 0.001) versus no treatment. Treatment was well tolerated and associated with a greater change (i.e. from baseline to study closeout) in left ventricular mass index versus no treatment [–3.3 g/m2 (95% confidence interval –4.5 to –2.2 g/m2) vs. –0.9 g/m2 (95% confidence interval –1.7 to –0.2 g/m2); p < 0.01], with a medium-to-large effect size (Cohen’s d statistic –0.74). (3) Patients with low central aortic systolic pressure had no significant change in left ventricular mass index after 12 months (mean change –0.5 g/m2, 95% confidence interval –1.2 to 0.2 g/m2; p = 0.18). Conclusions: Men with grade 1 hypertension and high central aortic systolic pressure tended to have higher clinic blood pressure and more hypertension-mediated cardiac structural change than those with low central aortic systolic pressure. Central aortic systolic pressure was not superior to clinic blood pressure or ambulatory blood pressure at stratifying risk of increased left ventricular mass index. Blood pressure-lowering treatment led to a regression of left ventricular mass index in men with grade 1 hypertension and high central aortic systolic pressure compared with no treatment. Limitations: The study was limited to a moderate sample of men and there was a low prevalence of very high amplification

Pulse Wave Calibration and Implications for Blood Pressure Measurement: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Central aortic systolic pressure (CASP) can be estimated via filtering of the peripheral pulse wave (PPW) following calibration to brachial blood pressure. Recent studies suggest PPW calibration to mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic BP (DBP) provides more accurate CASP estimates (CASPMD) versus conventional calibration to systolic BP (SBP) and DBP (CASPSD). However, the peak of the MAP-DBP calibrated PPW, that is, SBPMD, is rarely reported or used for BP amplification calculations, despite CASPMD being derived from it. We aimed to calculate the unreported SBPMD from studies using MAP-DBP calibration for estimation of CASPMD and compared it with oscillometric brachial SBP (brSBP). Medline database was searched to March 18, 2020. Meta-analysis includes studies reporting noninvasive CASPSD, CASPMD, brSBP, and brachial DBP. SBPMD was calculated using linear function equations. Data from 21 studies used 8 different BP monitors (13 460 participants, mean age: 54±10 years, 57% female, brachial blood pressure: 130±14/79±9 mm Hg). Weighted mean difference between SBPMD and brSBP was 10 mm Hg (range, -2 to 17 mm Hg) and appeared device specific. Calibration of brachial versus radial PPWs to brachial blood pressure showed a greater disparity between SBPMD and brSBP (14 versus 2 mm Hg). BP amplification was similar comparing SBP-DBP versus MAP-DBP calibrations (brSBP-CASPSD versus SBPMD-CASPMD: 9 versus 11 mm Hg), with no instances of reverse BP amplification. PPWs calibrated to MAP-DBP to derive CASPMD generates SBPMD that differs markedly from brSBP with some oscillometric BP monitors. These findings have important implications for BP monitor accuracy, BP amplification, PPW calibration recommendations, and studies of associations between CASP versus SBP and outcomes