3,122 research outputs found
Effect of hyperon bulk viscosity on neutron-star r-modes
Neutron stars are expected to contain a significant number of hyperons in
addition to protons and neutrons in the highest density portions of their
cores. Following the work of Jones, we calculate the coefficient of bulk
viscosity due to nonleptonic weak interactions involving hyperons in
neutron-star cores, including new relativistic and superfluid effects. We
evaluate the influence of this new bulk viscosity on the gravitational
radiation driven instability in the r-modes. We find that the instability is
completely suppressed in stars with cores cooler than a few times 10^9 K, but
that stars rotating more rapidly than 10-30% of maximum are unstable for
temperatures around 10^10 K. Since neutron-star cores are expected to cool to a
few times 10^9 K within seconds (much shorter than the r-mode instability
growth time) due to direct Urca processes, we conclude that the gravitational
radiation instability will be suppressed in young neutron stars before it can
significantly change the angular momentum of the star.Comment: final PRD version, minor typos etc correcte
Solving Einstein's Equations With Dual Coordinate Frames
A method is introduced for solving Einstein's equations using two distinct
coordinate systems. The coordinate basis vectors associated with one system are
used to project out components of the metric and other fields, in analogy with
the way fields are projected onto an orthonormal tetrad basis. These field
components are then determined as functions of a second independent coordinate
system. The transformation to the second coordinate system can be thought of as
a mapping from the original ``inertial'' coordinate system to the computational
domain. This dual-coordinate method is used to perform stable numerical
evolutions of a black-hole spacetime using the generalized harmonic form of
Einstein's equations in coordinates that rotate with respect to the inertial
frame at infinity; such evolutions are found to be generically unstable using a
single rotating coordinate frame. The dual-coordinate method is also used here
to evolve binary black-hole spacetimes for several orbits. The great
flexibility of this method allows comoving coordinates to be adjusted with a
feedback control system that keeps the excision boundaries of the holes within
their respective apparent horizons.Comment: Updated to agree with published versio
A New Generalized Harmonic Evolution System
A new representation of the Einstein evolution equations is presented that is
first order, linearly degenerate, and symmetric hyperbolic. This new system
uses the generalized harmonic method to specify the coordinates, and
exponentially suppresses all small short-wavelength constraint violations.
Physical and constraint-preserving boundary conditions are derived for this
system, and numerical tests that demonstrate the effectiveness of the
constraint suppression properties and the constraint-preserving boundary
conditions are presented.Comment: Updated to agree with published versio
Nonlinear Development of the Secular Bar-mode Instability in Rotating Neutron Stars
We have modelled the nonlinear development of the secular bar-mode
instability that is driven by gravitational radiation-reaction (GRR) forces in
rotating neutron stars. In the absence of any competing viscous effects, an
initially uniformly rotating, axisymmetric polytropic star with a ratio
of rotational to gravitational potential energy is driven by
GRR forces to a bar-like structure, as predicted by linear theory. The pattern
frequency of the bar slows to nearly zero, that is, the bar becomes almost
stationary as viewed from an inertial frame of reference as GRR removes energy
and angular momentum from the star. In this ``Dedekind-like'' state, rotational
energy is stored as motion of the fluid in highly noncircular orbits inside the
bar. However, in less than 10 dynamical times after its formation, the bar
loses its initially coherent structure as the ordered flow inside the bar is
disrupted by what appears to be a purely hydrodynamical, short-wavelength,
``shearing'' type instability. The gravitational waveforms generated by such an
event are determined, and an estimate of the detectability of these waves is
presented.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, refereed
version, updated, for quicktime movie, see
http://www.phys.lsu.edu/~ou/movie/fmode/new/fmode.b181.om4.2e5.mo
R-Modes in Superfluid Neutron Stars
The analogs of r-modes in superfluid neutron stars are studied here. These
modes, which are governed primarily by the Coriolis force, are identical to
their ordinary-fluid counterparts at the lowest order in the small
angular-velocity expansion used here. The equations that determine the next
order terms are derived and solved numerically for fairly realistic superfluid
neutron-star models. The damping of these modes by superfluid ``mutual
friction'' (which vanishes at the lowest order in this expansion) is found to
have a characteristic time-scale of about 10^4 s for the m=2 r-mode in a
``typical'' superfluid neutron-star model. This time-scale is far too long to
allow mutual friction to suppress the recently discovered gravitational
radiation driven instability in the r-modes. However, the strength of the
mutual friction damping depends very sensitively on the details of the
neutron-star core superfluid. A small fraction of the presently acceptable
range of superfluid models have characteristic mutual friction damping times
that are short enough (i.e. shorter than about 5 s) to suppress the
gravitational radiation driven instability completely.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure
Controlling the growth of constraints in hyperbolic evolution systems
Motivated by the need to control the exponential growth of constraint violations in numerical solutions of the Einstein evolution equations, two methods are studied here for controlling this growth in general hyperbolic evolution systems. The first method adjusts the evolution equations dynamically, by adding multiples of the constraints, in a way designed to minimize this growth. The second method imposes special constraint preserving boundary conditions on the incoming components of the dynamical fields. The efficacy of these methods is tested by using them to control the growth of constraints in fully dynamical 3D numerical solutions of a particular representation of the Maxwell equations that is subject to constraint violations. The constraint preserving boundary conditions are found to be much more effective than active constraint control in the case of this Maxwell system
TheCaenorhabditis elegansOrphan Nuclear Hormone Receptor Genenhr-2Functions in Early Embryonic Development
AbstractWe have identified aCaenorhabditis elegansgene,nhr-2,that is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors and defines a new subclass of the superfamily.nhr-2messenger RNA is expressed in the maternal germline and during the first half of embryogenesis. Zygotic expression ofnhr-2begins by the 16-cell stage, making it one of the earliest genes known to be transcribed in the embryo. Immunolocalization detects NHR-2 protein in embryonic nuclei as early as the 2-cell stage. The protein is present in every nucleus until the 16- to 20-cell stage. Subsequently, expression continues in many, but not all, cell lineages, becoming progressively restricted to the anterior and dorsal regions of the embryo and disappearing during the initial stages of morphogenesis. Disruption ofnhr-2function with antisense RNA results in embryonic and early larval arrest, indicating that the gene has an essential function in embryonic development.nhr-2does not correspond to known mutations mapped to the same genetic interval, and will provide an entry point for further study of a heretofore uncharacterized zygotic gene regulatory pathway
Governance, Coordination and Evaluation: the case for an epistemological focus and a return to C.E. Lindblom
While much political science research focuses on conceptualizing and analyzing various forms of governance, there remains a need to develop frameworks and criteria for governance evaluation (Torfing et al 2012). The post-positivist turn, influential in recent governance theory, emphasizes the complexity, uncertainty and the contested normative dimensions of policy analysis. Yet a central evaluative question still arises concerning the capacity of governance networks to facilitate âcoordinationâ. The classic contributions of Charles Lindblom, although pre-dating the contemporary governance literature, can enable further elaboration of and engagement with this question. Lindblomâs conceptualisation of coordination challenges in the face of complexity shares with post-positivism a recognition of the inevitably contested nature of policy goals. Yet Lindblom suggests a closer focus on the complex, dynamically evolving, broadly âeconomicâ choices and trade-offs involved in defining and delivery policy for enabling these goals to be achieved and the significant epistemological challenges that they raise for policy-makers. This focus can complement and enrich both post-positivist scholarship and the process and incentives-orientated approaches which predominate in contemporary political science research on coordination in governance. This is briefly illustrated through a short case study evaluating governance for steering markets towards delivering low and zero carbon homes in England
Stability of the r-modes in white dwarf stars
Stability of the r-modes in rapidly rotating white dwarf stars is
investigated. Improved estimates of the growth times of the
gravitational-radiation driven instability in the r-modes of the observed DQ
Her objects are found to be longer (probably considerably longer) than 6x10^9y.
This rules out the possibility that the r-modes in these objects are emitting
gravitational radiation at levels that could be detectable by LISA. More
generally it is shown that the r-mode instability can only be excited in a very
small subset of very hot (T>10^6K), rather massive (M>0.9M_sun) and very
rapidly rotating (P_min<P<1.2P_min) white dwarf stars. Further, the growth
times of this instability are so long that these conditions must persist for a
very long time (t>10^9y) to allow the amplitude to grow to a dynamically
significant level. This makes it extremely unlikely that the r-mode instability
plays a significant role in any real white dwarf stars.Comment: 5 Pages, 5 Figures, revte
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