Respiratory fluxes in a Canary Islands pine forest

International audienceWe estimated component and whole-ecosystem CO 2 efflux (R ECO) in a Pinus canariensis Chr. Sm. ex DC stand in Tenerife, Canary Islands, an ecotone with strong seasonal changes in soil water availability. From November 2006 to February 2008, we measured foliage, stem and soil CO 2 efflux by chamber techniques. Sitespecific CO 2 efflux models obtained from these chamber measurements were then combined with half-hourly measurements of canopy, stem and soil temperature as well as soil water potential, leaf and stem surface area data for scaling up component-specific CO 2 efflux to R ECO. Integrated over an entire year, R ECO was 938 g of C m À2 in 2007 and comprised the following component fluxes: 77% from soil, 11% from stems and 12% from foliage. Whole-ecosystem CO 2 efflux varied markedly throughout the year. During the cold and wet season, R ECO generally followed the seasonal trends in temperature, and during the warm and dry summer, however, R ECO was significantly reduced because of limited soil water availability in the main rooting horizon

Andean berries from Ecuador: A review on Botany, Agronomy, Chemistry and Health Potential

Abstract. Interest in exploring new and exotic types of berries has grown in recent years. Highly valued for its unique flavor,texture and color, recent researches have shown that Andean berries are an important source of bioactive compounds. This articleprovides botanical and agronomic descriptions and reviews the chemical and biological activities of two types of berries (Physalisperuviana L. and Solanum betaceum C.) and one commonly known as a berry, Rubus glaucus B. All highly consumed in Ecuadorand enjoying great popularity in Andean traditional medicine. Although both traditional folk medicine and composition of theseberries suggest significant health benefits, few studies to date have investigated these potentials

Caracterização de forragem em fazendas leiteiras familiares no estado de Trujillo, Venezuela

The importance of increasing animal production based on pastures has been discussed (Osechas and Becerra, 2009; Chacón, 2013). The application of management strategies in grasslands has contributed to improving the quality and quantity of forage species used in feeding animals with high nutritional requirements, such as dairy cattle (Perozo, 2011). This has made it possible to improve the efficiency and profitability of livestock systems (Quintero et al., 2018). The objective was to characterize the species and forage management in family dairy farms in the Bocono municipality of Trujillo state, Venezuela. . 2/3 of the LFs were found to have 1.5-3 ha and a stocking rate of 1.85 AU/ha. Although a high percentage of them applied some pasture management strategies, very few used irrigation or soil analysis. These findings generate useful information for decision-making in support programs and technical assistance.Se ha discutido la importancia de incrementar la producción animal basada en los pastos (Osechas y Becerra, 2009; Chacón, 2013). La aplicación de estrategias de manejo en los pastizales ha contribuido a mejorar la calidad y cantidad de las especies forrajeras usadas en la alimentación de animales con altas exigencias nutricionales, como los vacunos lecheros (Perozo, 2011). Esto ha permitido mejorar la eficiencia y rentabilidad de los sistemas pecuarios (Quintero et al., 2018). Se estableció como objetivo caracterizar las especies y manejo forrajero en fincas lecheras familiares del municipio Bocono del estado Trujillo, Venezuela. . Se encontró que ~2/3 de las FL tenían 1,5-3 ha y una carga animal de 1,85 UA/ha. Aunque un alto porcentaje de ellas aplicaban algunas estrategias de manejo de pasturas, muy pocas utilizaban el riego o el análisis de suelo. Estos hallazgos generan información útil para la toma de decisiones en programas de apoyo y asistencia técnica.A importância de aumentar a produção animal baseada em pastagens tem sido discutida (Osechas e Becerra, 2009; Chacón, 2013). A aplicação de estratégias de manejo em pastagens tem contribuído para melhorar a qualidade e quantidade de espécies forrageiras utilizadas na alimentação de animais com altas exigências nutricionais, como o gado leiteiro (Perozo, 2011). Isso possibilitou melhorar a eficiência e rentabilidade dos sistemas pecuários (Quintero et al., 2018). O objetivo foi caracterizar as espécies e o manejo da forragem em fazendas leiteiras familiares no município de Bocono, estado de Trujillo, Venezuela. 2/3 das LFs tinham 1,5-3 ha e uma taxa de lotação de 1,85 UA/ha. Embora uma alta porcentagem deles tenha aplicado algumas estratégias de manejo de pastagens, muito poucos utilizaram irrigação ou análise de solo. Esses achados geram informações úteis para a tomada de decisões em programas de apoio e assistência técnica

Development of new genetic resources for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) breeding through the discovery of gene-based SNP markers and the construction of a high-density consensus map

National audienceFaba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a pulse crop of high nutritional value and high importance for sustainable agriculture and soil protection. With the objective of identifying gene-based SNPs, transcriptome sequencing was performed in order to reduce faba bean genome complexity. A set of 1,819 gene-based SNP markers polymorphic in three recombinant line populations was selected to enable the construction of a high-density consensus genetic map encompassing 1,728 markers well distributed in six linkage groups and spanning 1,547.71 cM with an average inter-marker distance of 0.89 cM. Orthology-based comparison of the faba bean consensus map with legume genome assemblies highlighted synteny patterns that partly reflected the phylogenetic relationships among species. Solid blocks of macrosynteny were observed between faba bean and the most closely-related sequenced legume species such as pea, barrel medic or chickpea. Numerous blocks could also be identified in more divergent species such as common bean or cowpea. The genetic tools developed in this work can be used in association mapping, genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium or comparative genomics and provide a backbone for map-based cloning. This will make the identification of candidate genes of interest more efficient and will accelerate marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic-assisted breeding (GAB) in faba bean

High-density genotyping of pea and faba bean diversity panels using exome capture

International audienceGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) represent a powerful tool to decipher the geneticdeterminism of complex traits in crop plants and to identify responsible genes. As GWAS require large diversitypanels segregating for the traits of interest, one faba bean and three pea collections were constituted toaddress different questions in the PeaMUST project. The faba bean panel comprises 248 accessions comingfrom five continents and displaying the phenotypic diversity of the species. The first pea collection includes239 accessions that represent the species diversity for aerial and root architecture and for biotic and abioticstress responses. The second and third pea panels were constituted with 300 accessions of cultivated springtype, 396 accessions of winter type, accessions (376 conventional, hr, 20 Hr) respectively. To generate a largenumber of unbiased genetic markers, exome capture [1] was performed by taking advantage of (i)transcriptome sequence resources available for pea [2,3], and (ii) newly developed transcriptome for fababean. The designed probes allowed capturing over 33,000 transcripts in faba bean and 50,000 transcripts inpea. In total, 1.7 and 2.3 million high-quality SNPs have been identified for faba bean and pea, respectively.These markers have been used to assess the genetic structure of the different panels, to perform GWAS fortraits of agricultural interest and to design genotyping by capture experiments to undertake genomic selection[4]. These SNP resources will serve to design genotyping arrays in both crops for further experiments

High-density genotyping of pea and faba bean diversity panels using exome capture

International audienceGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) represent a powerful tool to decipher the geneticdeterminism of complex traits in crop plants and to identify responsible genes. As GWAS require large diversitypanels segregating for the traits of interest, one faba bean and three pea collections were constituted toaddress different questions in the PeaMUST project. The faba bean panel comprises 248 accessions comingfrom five continents and displaying the phenotypic diversity of the species. The first pea collection includes239 accessions that represent the species diversity for aerial and root architecture and for biotic and abioticstress responses. The second and third pea panels were constituted with 300 accessions of cultivated springtype, 396 accessions of winter type, accessions (376 conventional, hr, 20 Hr) respectively. To generate a largenumber of unbiased genetic markers, exome capture [1] was performed by taking advantage of (i)transcriptome sequence resources available for pea [2,3], and (ii) newly developed transcriptome for fababean. The designed probes allowed capturing over 33,000 transcripts in faba bean and 50,000 transcripts inpea. In total, 1.7 and 2.3 million high-quality SNPs have been identified for faba bean and pea, respectively.These markers have been used to assess the genetic structure of the different panels, to perform GWAS fortraits of agricultural interest and to design genotyping by capture experiments to undertake genomic selection[4]. These SNP resources will serve to design genotyping arrays in both crops for further experiments

High-density genotyping of pea and faba bean diversity panels using exome capture

International audienceGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) represent a powerful tool to decipher the geneticdeterminism of complex traits in crop plants and to identify responsible genes. As GWAS require large diversitypanels segregating for the traits of interest, one faba bean and three pea collections were constituted toaddress different questions in the PeaMUST project. The faba bean panel comprises 248 accessions comingfrom five continents and displaying the phenotypic diversity of the species. The first pea collection includes239 accessions that represent the species diversity for aerial and root architecture and for biotic and abioticstress responses. The second and third pea panels were constituted with 300 accessions of cultivated springtype, 396 accessions of winter type, accessions (376 conventional, hr, 20 Hr) respectively. To generate a largenumber of unbiased genetic markers, exome capture [1] was performed by taking advantage of (i)transcriptome sequence resources available for pea [2,3], and (ii) newly developed transcriptome for fababean. The designed probes allowed capturing over 33,000 transcripts in faba bean and 50,000 transcripts inpea. In total, 1.7 and 2.3 million high-quality SNPs have been identified for faba bean and pea, respectively.These markers have been used to assess the genetic structure of the different panels, to perform GWAS fortraits of agricultural interest and to design genotyping by capture experiments to undertake genomic selection[4]. These SNP resources will serve to design genotyping arrays in both crops for further experiments

Quel impact de la génomique végétale sur l’innovation variétale : l’exemple du projet PeaMUST. Le génome du pois: vers de nouvelles strategies de sélection.

International audienceL’avancée des technologies « nouvelle génération » de séquençage de l’ADN permettent une connaissance de plus en plus poussée des génomes et de leur expression. Ces connaissances permettent d’approcher plus finement les déterminants moléculaires des traits phénotypiques et ouvrent des perspectives d’augmentation du progrès génétique dans le cadre de la sélection variétale. Le pois est une espèce modèle depuis les travaux de G. Mendel conduisant à la découverte des lois de l’hérédité. La séquence du génome de cette espèce longtemps délaissée des approches de génomique a récemment été obtenue par un consortium international piloté par l’INRAE (1,2). Dans le cadre du projet de recherche français PeaMUST regroupant un large partenariat entre secteurs public et privé, différentes stratégies tirant partie de ces connaissances ont été mises en oeuvre pour améliorer le pois (3). Ces stratégies varient en fonction des caractères ciblés : pour améliorer la régularité du rendement, un trait hautement multifactoriel qui résulte de la capacité des plantes à s'adapter et à répondre à l'environnement, une approche de sélection à l’échelle du génome entier a été testée ; pour la résistance durable aux pathogènes, une stratégie prometteuse est de pyramider plusieurs gènes de résistance correspondant à des mécanismes divers ; enfin, des mutations à effet majeur contrôlant l’architecture aérienne et racinaire des plantes ont été testées pour leur effet sur la tolérance aux stress. L'amélioration des cultures doit en effet plusieurs réussites remarquables à la manipulation de l'architecture végétale, comme l'utilisation des caractères afila et de nanisme chez le pois.PeaMust is an international program on pea breeding goals and techniques and pea genomics. Two convergent achievements testify to its pertinence. It associates the complete sequencing and deciphering of the DNA on one hand with efficient genetic approaches to phenotype analysis and methods dealing with quantitative and adaptative traits on the other. Examples of PeaMust successbear on regularity of production, on the confrontation with pathogens or environmental stress, on the architecture of the plant. In each case PeaMust offers innovative opportunities