Experimental imaging of asthma progression and therapeutic response in mouse lung models

Asthma ist eine Erkrankung die das komplette Immunsystems involviert, ein System so komplex, dass es sich nur unzureichend in-vitro studieren lässt. Daher haben sich Mausmodelle als ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug in der präklinischen Asthmaforschung etabliert. Da es sich weiterhin bei Asthma um eine Erkrankung handelt, die durch eine schnelle Änderung der Symptome gekennzeichnet ist, wäre longitudinale vorzugsweise nicht-invasive Bildgebung, insbesondere bei der Entwicklung und Bewertung neuer Therapiekonzepte von großem Interesse. Nachteilig hingegen ist, dass die Darstellung der Mauslunge in der Praxis auf Grund der Größe des Organs und, im Falle einer in vivo Bildgebung, durch die Bewegung des Brustkorbes sich als äußerst schwierig herausstellt. Die Vielzahl der Luft-Gewebe-Grenzflächen erzeugt starke Streuung in der optischen Bildgebung, der große Hohlraum der Lunge verursacht Suszeptibilitätsartefakte bei der MRT und die Rippen erschweren eine Ultraschallbildgebung. Aus diesen Gründen besteht ein großer Bedarf an neuen Bildgebungsverfahren, um die durch Asthma verursachten anatomischen, funktionalen und molekularen Veränderungen darstellen zu können. Um die Schwierigkeiten in der Lungenbildgebung bei Mäusen zu umgehen, habe ich mich auf drei wesentliche Bildgebungsstrategien fokussiert: A) anatomische Bildgebung durch “inline free propagation phase contrast computed tomography”, B) direkte Messung der Lungenfunktion durch “low dose planar cinematic x-ray imaging” und C) funktionale Bildgebung mit Hilfe der „near infrared fluorescence imaging“ in Kombination mit Antikörpern, die mit einem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff markiert wurden, oder “smart probes”, die in Gegenwart von Entzündungen aktiviert werden. Durch die Anwendung von “phase contrast computed tomography” für die anatomische Bildgebung war ich in der Lage morphologische Veränderung des Lungengewebes zu quantifizieren, indem ich lokal das Verhältnis zwischen Weichgewebe und Luft, das Zusammenziehen der Luftwege sowie das Anschwellen der Bronchialwände im asthmatischen Lungengewebe ausgewertet habe. Diese Parameter erlaubten es zwischen Mäusen von Asthmamodellen unterschiedlicher Schweregrade, therapierten und gesunden Mäusen zu unterscheiden. Zusätzlich ermöglichte diese Technik die Darstellung intra-tracheal applizierter Bariumsulfat markierter Makrophagen im Lungengewebe. Dies stellt meines Wissens die erste Kombination einer funktionalisierten Kontrastierung und hochauflösender Lungenbildgebung mittels CT unter in vivo ähnlichen Bedingungen dar. Um diese Ergebnisse mit dem Grad der asthmabedingten Kurzatmigkeit zu korrelieren, habe ich eine einfache und verlässige Methode entwickelt die es, basierend auf 2D Röntgen-videos niedriger Röntgendosis (~6,5mGy) erlaubt, in narkotisierten Mäusen die Lungenfunktion zu bewerten. Mit Hilfe dieser neuen Methode gelang es mir charakteristische Unterschiede in der Lungenfunktion von asthmatischen, therapierten und gesunden Mäusen in vivo über die Zeit nachzuweisen, und diese Resultate mit den Ergebnissen von CT und Histologie zu korrelieren. Das Verfahren wird derzeit von mir für die Anwendung an frei beweglichen und nicht narkotisierten Mäusen weiterentwickelt. Dies sollte zu einer deutlichen Stressreduktion für die Maus bei der Untersuchung führen und somit, vor allem in Asthma, im Gegensatz zu etablierten Verfahren wie Plethysmographie, die Erhebung validerer Messdaten erlauben. Mit Hilfe von „near infrared fluorescence imaging“ konnten wir in vivo und longitudinal erfolgreich verschiedene durch Asthma ausgelöste molekulare Veränderungen in der Mauslunge verfolgen. Erstens erlaubte die Verwendung einer neuen Polyglyzerol Probe mit dendritischer Struktur (MN2012) die spezifisch an Selektine bindet, die Darstellung der durch Asthma verursachten Entzündung der Lunge. Im Zuge dessen konnten wir nachweisen, dass sich MN2012  zur Darstellung von Enzymkinetiken bei Entzündungsreaktionen durch eine schnellere Kinetik und höher Spezifität als kommerziell erhältliche Proben auszeichnet. Zweitens haben wir gezeigt, dass in Kombination mit einem Fluoreszenz markiertem Antikörper gegen SiglecF, einem Antigen das hauptsächlich auf Eosinophilen exprimiert ist, Eosinophilie in asthmatischen Mäusen verfolgt und der Effekt einer Dexamethason Behandlung  ebenso dargestellt werden kann. Drittens konnten wir den Verbleib inhalierter fluoreszierender Nanopartikel in der Lunge der Maus in vivo untersuchen und dabei nachweisen, dass diese hauptsächlich von endogenen Makrophagen im Lungengewebe aufgenommen werden. Alle diese Techniken wurden gegeneinander und mittels histologischer Analyse und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie korreliert und validiert.  Zusammenfassend bilden die in meiner Dissertation entwickelten Lungenbildgebungsstrategien für Asthmamausmodelle eine Bildgebungsplattform, um sowohl spezifische Effekte in asthmatischen Mäusen unterschiedlichen Schweregrades als auch die Auswirkungen neuer Therapien abzubilden und im Detail zu untersuchen

Semi-Automatic Classification of Skeletal Morphology in Genetically Altered Mice Using Flat-Panel Volume Computed Tomography

Rapid progress in exploring the human and mouse genome has resulted in the generation of a multitude of mouse models to study gene functions in their biological context. However, effective screening methods that allow rapid noninvasive phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice are still lacking. To identify murine models with bone alterations in vivo, we used flat-panel volume computed tomography (fpVCT) for high-resolution 3-D imaging and developed an algorithm with a computational intelligence system. First, we tested the accuracy and reliability of this approach by imaging discoidin domain receptor 2- (DDR2-) deficient mice, which display distinct skull abnormalities as shown by comparative landmark-based analysis. High-contrast fpVCT data of the skull with 200 μm isotropic resolution and 8-s scan time allowed segmentation and computation of significant shape features as well as visualization of morphological differences. The application of a trained artificial neuronal network to these datasets permitted a semi-automatic and highly accurate phenotype classification of DDR2-deficient compared to C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Even heterozygous DDR2 mice with only subtle phenotypic alterations were correctly determined by fpVCT imaging and identified as a new class. In addition, we successfully applied the algorithm to classify knockout mice lacking the DDR1 gene with no apparent skull deformities. Thus, this new method seems to be a potential tool to identify novel mouse phenotypes with skull changes from transgenic and knockout mice on the basis of random mutagenesis as well as from genetic models. However for this purpose, new neuronal networks have to be created and trained. In summary, the combination of fpVCT images with artificial neuronal networks provides a reliable, novel method for rapid, cost-effective, and noninvasive primary screening tool to detect skeletal phenotypes in mice

Анализ и пути улучшения финансового состояния предприятия (на примере ГЛХУ «Хойникский лесхоз»)

Lung imaging in mouse disease models is crucial for the assessment of the severity of airway disease but remains challenging due to the small size and the high porosity of the organ. Synchrotron inline free-propagation phase-contrast computed tomography (CT) with its intrinsic high soft-tissue contrast provides the necessary sensitivity and spatial resolution to analyse the mouse lung structure in great detail. Here, this technique has been applied in combination with single-distance phase retrieval to quantify alterations of the lung structure in experimental asthma mouse models of different severity. In order to mimic an in vivo situation as close as possible, the lungs were inflated with air at a constant physiological pressure. Entire mice were embedded in agarose gel and imaged using inline free-propagation phase-contrast CT at the SYRMEP beamline (Synchrotron Light Source, Elettra, Trieste, Italy). The quantification of the obtained phase-contrast CT data sets revealed an increasing lung soft-tissue content in mice correlating with the degree of the severity of experimental allergic airways disease. In this way, it was possible to successfully discriminate between healthy controls and mice with either mild or severe allergic airway disease. It is believed that this approach may have the potential to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies that target airway remodelling processes in asthma.Funding Agencies|German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) [DU 1403/1-1]</p

Alpine dwarf shrubs show high proportions of nonfunctional xylem: Visualization and quantification of species-specific patterns

Xylem conductive capacity is a key determinant of plant hydraulic function and intimately linked to photosynthesis and productivity, but can be impeded by temporary or permanent conduit dysfunctions. Here we show that persistent xylem dysfunctions in unstressed plants are frequent in Alpine dwarf shrubs and occur in various but species-specific cross-sectional patterns. Combined synchrotron micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging, xylem staining, and flow measurements in saturated samples of six widespread Ericaceae species evidence a high proportion (19%-50%) of hydraulically nonfunctional xylem areas in the absence of drought stress, with regular distribution of dysfunctions between or within growth rings. Dysfunctions were only partly reversible and reduced the specific hydraulic conductivity to 1.38 to 3.57 ×10-4 m2 s-1 MPa-1 . Decommission of inner growth rings was clearly related to stem age and a higher vulnerability to cavitation of older rings, while the high proportion of nonfunctional conduits in each annual ring needs further investigations. The lower the xylem fraction contributing to the transport function, the higher was the hydraulic efficiency of conducting xylem areas. Improved understanding of the functional lifespan of xylem elements and the prevalence and nature of dysfunctions is critical to correctly assess structure-function relationships and whole-plant hydraulic strategies

Clinical application of low-dose phase contrast breast CT: methods for the optimization of the reconstruction workflow

Results are presented of a feasibility study of three-dimensional X-ray tomographic mammography utilising in-line phase contrast. Experiments were performed at SYRMEP beamline of Elettra synchrotron. A specially designed plastic phantom and a mastectomy sample containing a malignant lesion were used to study the reconstructed image quality as a function of different image processing operations. Detailed evaluation and optimization of image reconstruction workflows have been carried out using combinations of several advanced computed tomography algorithms with different pre-processing and post-processing steps. Special attention was paid to the effect of phase retrieval on the diagnostic value of the reconstructed images. A number of objective image quality indices have been applied for quantitative evaluation of the results, and these were compared with subjective assessments of the same images by three experienced radiologists and one pathologist. The outcomes of this study provide practical guidelines for the optimization of image processing workflows in synchrotron-based phase-contrast mammo-tomography

Novel setup for rapid phase contrast CT imaging of heavy and bulky specimens

This work introduces a novel setup for computed tomography of heavy and bulky specimens at the SYRMEP beamline of the Italian synchrotron Elettra. All the key features of the setup are described and the first application to offcenter computed tomography scanning of a human chest phantom (approximately 45 kg) as well as the first results for vertical helical acquisitions are discussed

Inhibition of Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by in vivo Targeting of Hyaluronan Synthesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Oesophageal cancer is a highly aggressive tumour entity with at present poor prognosis. Therefore, novel treatment options are urgently needed. Hyaluronan (HA) is a polysaccharide present in the matrix of human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Importantly, in vitro ESCC cells critically depend on HA synthesis to maintain the proliferative phenotype. The aim of the present study is (1) to study HA-synthase (HAS) expression and regulation in human ESCC, and (2) to translate the <it>in vitro </it>results into a mouse xenograft model of human ESCC to study the effects of systemic versus tumour targeted HAS inhibition on proliferation and distribution of tumour-bound and stromal hyaluronan.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>mRNA expression was investigated in human ESCC biopsies by semiquantitative real-time RT PCR. Furthermore, human ESCC were xenografted into NMRI nu/nu mice. The effects on tumour progression and morphology of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of HA-synthesis, and of lentiviral knock down of HA-synthase 3 (HAS3), the main HAS isoform in the human ESCC tissues and the human ESCC cell line used in this study, were determined. Tumour progression was monitored by calliper measurements and by flat-panel detector volume computed tomography (fpVCT). HA content, cellular composition and proliferation (Ki67) were determined histologically.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>mRNA of HAS isoform 3 (HAS3) was upregulated in human ESCC biopsies and HAS3 mRNA was positively correlated to expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. EGF was also proven to be a strong inductor of HAS3 mRNA expression <it>in vitro</it>. During the course of seven weeks, 4-MU inhibited progression of xenograft tumours. Interestingly, remodelling of the tumour into a more differentiated phenotype and inhibition of cell proliferation were observed. Lentiviral knockdown of HAS3 in human ESCC cells prior to xenografting mimicked all effects of 4-MU treatment suggesting that hyaluronan produced by ESCC is accountable for major changes in tumour environment <it>in vivo</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Systemic inhibition of HA-synthesis and knockdown of tumour cell HAS3 cause decreased ESCC progression accompanied by tumour stroma remodelling and may therefore be used in novel approaches to ESCC therapy.</p

Characterization of transient and progressive pulmonary fibrosis by spatially correlated phase contrast microCT, classical histopathology and atomic force microscopy

: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a severe and progressive condition in which the lung becomes scarred over time resulting in pulmonary function impairment. Classical histopathology remains an important tool for micro-structural tissue assessment in the diagnosis of PF. A novel workflow based on spatial correlated propagation-based phase-contrast micro computed tomography (PBI-microCT), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and histopathology was developed and applied to two different preclinical mouse models of PF - the commonly used and well characterized Bleomycin-induced PF and a novel mouse model for progressive PF caused by conditional Nedd4-2 KO. The aim was to integrate structural and mechanical features from hallmarks of fibrotic lung tissue remodeling. PBI-microCT was used to assess structural alteration in whole fixed and paraffin embedded lungs, allowing for identification of fibrotic foci within the 3D context of the entire organ and facilitating targeted microtome sectioning of planes of interest for subsequent histopathology. Subsequently, these sections of interest were subjected to AFM to assess changes in the local tissue stiffness of previously identified structures of interest. 3D whole organ analysis showed clear morphological differences in 3D tissue porosity between transient and progressive PF and control lungs. By integrating the results obtained from targeted AFM analysis, it was possible to discriminate between the Bleomycin model and the novel conditional Nedd4-2 KO model using agglomerative cluster analysis. As our workflow for 3D spatial correlation of PBI, targeted histopathology and subsequent AFM is tailored around the standard procedure of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens, it may be a powerful tool for the comprehensive tissue assessment beyond the scope of PF and preclinical research