Individual Pay and Outside Options: Evidence from the Polish Labour Force Survey

Using Polish Labour Force Survey data, we examine whether competition for labour has induced individual pay to depend on outside options, availability and quality of jobs. Exploiting the lack of inter-regional job and worker flows we estimate the elasticity of individual pay, amongst a rich set of individual characteristics, to be approximately -0.1 for local unemployment (job shortages) and + 0.1 for local job reallocation (restructuring). Variations in local labour market conditions explain approximately 50 per cent of the differences in expected individual earnings across regions, while differences in inherited human capital and occupation structures explain the rest.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39748/3/wp364.pd

Individual Pay and Outside Options: Evidence from the Polish Labour Force Survey

Using Polish Labour Force Survey data, we examine whether competition for labour has induced individual pay to depend on outside options, availability and quality of jobs. Exploiting the lack of inter-regional job and worker flows we estimate the elasticity of individual pay, amongst a rich set of individual characteristics, to be approximately -0.1 for local unemployment (job shortages) and + 0.1 for local job reallocation (restructuring). Variations in local labour market conditions explain approximately 50 per cent of the differences in expected individual earnings across regions, while differences in inherited human capital and occupation structures explain the rest.

State policy on school physical education in, Ireland, with special reference to the period 1960-1996

This research is concerned with the interpretive study of selected issues in contemporary social and educational history. The use of both qualitative and quantitative measures is employed to outline the evolution of policies in school physical education and sport. For the core elements of the study a heavy reliance is placed on the use of primary source material. This is particularly the case relating to the establishment of N.C.P.E. and the operation of Thomond College; the registration of physical education teachers; the early work of Cospoir, and the role of the P.E.A.I. Apart from the latter, these sources have not been previously subject to scrutiny. They provide a valuable insight into the nature and basis of policy initiatives in physical education and sport. Considerable emphasis is also placed on the quantitative analysis of data relating to the provision of physical education. Once again, while these data have been openly in the public domain they have not been the subject of detailed scrutiny as they relate to the evolution of policy. Such data provide evidence of stated and actual policies, and the following indicators are studied to assess progress between 1960 and 1996

Colonial Spaces and Sites of Resistance: Landed Estates in 19th Century Ireland

The regional expression of rural protest, agrarian outrage and rebellion in 19th century Ireland has been periodically examined by historians and historical geographers (Bric, 1985; Kiely and Nolan, 1992). One of the contexts within which such events may be re-visited is within a framework of local resistance to colonial domination. Post-colonial perspectives offer a critique of 19th century colonial discourse in which dominant power structures frequently served to 'Other' the colonized, through processes of negative stereotyping and myths of primitive backwardness. Colonial hegemonies generated both subservience and resistance in a variety of strategies by the colonized. Colonialism in its various manifestations throughout the British Empire provides some of the most clear-cut examples of a dominant elite subordinating a colonized 'inferior' native population

The Territorial Organisation of Gaelic Landownership and its Transformation in County Monaghan, 1591-1640

An increasing amount of information is available about the organisation and functioning of Gaelic society, especially in the crucial area of landholding, its legal basis and the way in which inheritance and tenurial systems operated. In spite of these growing insights, there is still very fragmentary knowledge about the spatial organisation of Gaelic society. It is generally accepted that the landscape legacy of small territorial divisions (townlands), and the documentary legacy of numerous extinct denominations, are indicative of an apparently systematic and comparatively uniform territorial organisation. Its exact function and nature are still unclear, however, and there are seeming inconsistencies in some views of a highly developed territorial system on the one hand and a socially mobile and fluid population on the other

The Use of Refined Analysis in the Evaluation and Determination of Load Capacity of Existing Steel Plate Girder Swing Span Bridges

Steel Plate Girder Swing Span Bridges are a common and traditional movable bridge type typically used in rural areas of Louisiana but can also be found all over the world. As a result of structural analysis code updates that reflect the increase in highway traffic loads and changes in analysis provisions, many of these bridges have become load posted due to deficient ratings using current traditional AASHTO bridge rating methods. This thesis will explore a more accurate load capacity of these bridges using two identical load posted bridges in Louisiana. Refined analysis methods such as finite element (FE) methods are known to capture the structural performance of complex structural systems in a way that simplified, e.g. two-dimensional (2D) models, cannot. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using calibrated refined analysis methods to remove load postings established using traditional load rating methods. Load testing and finite element analysis will be used to provide a comparison of actual bridge performance versus suggested traditional analysis. The results of this study show that the load carrying capacity is higher than what is calculated using traditional rating methods. Consequently, load posting could be removed for the analyzed bridge. This conclusion may be applicable to similar movable bridges but will have to be confirmed with a procedure similar to the one presented in this research

Vegetation And Soil Characteristics Of Pine Plantations And Naturally Regenerated Hardwood Forests On The Hoosier National Forest

During the 1930s there was widespread erosion on farmland and subsequent land abandonment. As a result, Pinus strobus L. (white pine), P. resinosa Aiton (red pine), and P. echinata Mill. (shortleaf pine) were planted in the Midwest to prevent erosion and rehabilitate sites. These species were selected due to their wide availability at the time. Currently, it is the goal of the U.S. Forest Service to provide a more natural and sustainable landscape, in part by removing these non-native Pinus stands and by replacing them with native hardwood species. The ultimate success of hardwood restoration depends, in part, on the lasting influence of Pinus stands on the soil where they were planted. This is worthy of concern because species of the family Pinaceae have a noted impact on nutrient availability, organic matter cycling, soil acidity, and soil buffering capacity compared to mesophytic hardwood species. This study investigates the impact that Pinus plantations have had on soil and vegetation communities compared to hardwood stands. I sampled old-field sites on mesic ridges and bottoms in the Hoosier National Forest that were planted to P. echinata and P. strobus, or naturally regenerated to mixed hardwood species. I measured overstory and understory vegetation, including saplings, seedlings and herbaceous-layer species. I measured environmental variables including soil, litter depth, and canopy openness. Soils were sampled and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, pH, organic matter, exchange capacity, and Al. I used Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination and two-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparisons post hoc tests (a = 0.05) to statistically analyze data. Species composition under Pinus stands was distinctly different from that of hardwood stands. Pinus stands had lower concentrations of organic matter (OM; -21%), total carbon (TC; -29%), total nitrogen (TN; -30%), manganese (Mn; -37%), calcium (Ca; -24%), Zinc (Zn; -13%), and boron (B; -24%). Pinus stands had 2-5 times greater litter depth and 17% greater concentrations of Al compared to naturally regenerated hardwoods. As a result, Pinus stands displayed lower herbaceous-layer cover, species richness, and diversity. Hardwood stands contained a greater number of plant functional groups and had greater cover of graminoids, perennials, invasive species, and other mesophytic woody species including Acer saccharum Marshall (sugar maple), Lindera benzoin L. (spicebush) and Cornus florida L. (flowering dogwood). Herbaceous functional groups were more dominant on bottoms, while seedlings and saplings were more dominant on ridges. Ridge hardwood stands contained more mesophytic woody species, whereas ridge P. echinata stands contained a greater density of understory Quercus spp. and Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech). Soil fertility proved to be a driving factor in understory communities in my study. Infertile soil with deep litter hosted lower plant cover, but a greater density of Quercus spp., whereas more nutrient rich soils hosted mesophytic species. Bottomland soil was better buffered, allowing Acer spp. to ascend to the overstory with Pinus. The result was that, in bottoms, Pinus did not have as large an impact on soil or vegetation communities, resulting in greater similarity to hardwood stands

Alleluia, the Buck Stops Here: The Parameters of Individual Protected Concerted Activity under the National Labor Relations Act

This Comment explores Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act, which protects the rights of employees to engage in concerted activity. The author examines the different categories of concerted activity, the dispute over the extent to which an individual may engage in concerted activity, recent developments regarding the scope of individual concerted activity, and the current state of the law. The author argues that concerted activity is often considered as group activity such as union picketing or organizational drives, but that the scope of section 7 is much broader. The author suggests that individual activity is included within the concept of concerted activity, although the extent to which individual action is protected is in dispute. The author further suggests that an employee, who individually invokes an employment-related statutory right, is unprotected under the Act because such action is not within the scope of the Act\u27s legislative purpose